Describe the process by which a tsunami forms. Mention the government’s preparations for and mitigation of tsunamis.
Attached is an infographic based on flash floods
Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions
Pritma SharmaBegginer
In India, flash floods cause terrible damage to the homes located in low-lying areas. Talk about the causes of the regular flash floods that occur in India. Emphasize their influence as well. (Answer in 250 words)
Anjali SharmaBegginer
Describe industrial catastrophes. Talk about with relevant instances. Emphasize the institutional framework for reducing the risk of industrial disasters as well. (Answer in 250 words)
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Infographics about industrial disasters are catastrophic events resulting from industrial activities, leading to significant harm to people, property, and the environment. Notable incidents include the Bhopal gas tragedy, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and the FukusRead more
Infographics about industrial disasters are catastrophic events resulting from industrial activities, leading to significant harm to people, property, and the environment. Notable incidents include the Bhopal gas tragedy, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. These events highlight the importance of stringent safety protocols, regular maintenance, and emergency preparedness to prevent future tragedies. Ensuring workplace safety, adopting sustainable practices, and adhering to regulations can mitigate risks and protect communities from industrial hazards.
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Rajesh MeenaBegginer
What does Disaster Risk Reduction mean to you? How can development planning incorporate disaster risk reduction?
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Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims at reducing the vulnerability of communities to disasters and enhancing their capacity to cope with and recover from disasters. India's Disaster Risk Reduction efforts have yiRead more
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims at reducing the vulnerability of communities to disasters and enhancing their capacity to cope with and recover from disasters.
India’s Disaster Risk Reduction efforts have yielded significant results 38.8 million people covered under National Disaster Management Plan, 14,000+ villages flood mapped and 100 plus early warning systems. Cyclone Fani evacuation saved 1.2 million lives, reducing casualties by 95% compared to 1999. Kerala floods rescue operations saved 4.5 lakh people, minimizing losses.
Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Planning –
- Organizational structures and frameworks enables coordinated disaster management. example – effective DRR institutional arrangements facilitated Odisha’s successful evacuation of 1.2 million people during Cyclone Fani.
- Policy and legislative framework comprises laws, policies and guidelines guiding disaster management. example – Disaster Management Act (2005),National Disaster Management Policy (2009).
- Assessment and mapping identifies and evaluates hazards, vulnerabilities and risks.example-Flood Hazard Mapping (FHM).
- Development sectors incorporates risk reduction measures into sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, health and education.example-flood resistant roads and bridges.
- Community engagement and participation involves empowering communities to take ownership of risk reduction through awareness, training and involvement.example-Village disaster management committees.
- Financing and resource allocation ensures dedicated funds for risk reduction measures. example – National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF).
- Capacity building and training enhances skills and knowledge of stakeholders.
Effective Disaster Risk Reduction measures save lives, mitigate losses and foster resilience. India’s proactive approach through policy, institutional frameworks and community engagement serves as a model.
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Rubi GautamBegginer
Enumerate the causes of the latest locust attacks that have occurred in and around India, as well as the dangers that they bring. List the actions India has made to address this issue as well.
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India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan's Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa. The reRead more
India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan’s Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa.
The reasons for these locust attacks are
- Indian Ocean Dipole: Positive Indian Ocean dipole made the western Indian Ocean particularly warm and consequently led to greater precipitation.
- Heavy rain (wettest rainfall season in over four decades in East Africa) triggered the growth of vegetation in arid areas where desert locusts could grow and breed.
- Cyclones: The cyclonic storms Mekunu and Luban that struck Oman and Yemen in 2018 respectively transformed the empty desert tracts into large lakes providing damp soils where the locust swarms bred.
- Wind Movement: Locusts generally are known to be passive flyers, who generally follow the wind. The low-pressure area created by Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal strengthened the westerly winds, which aided the movement of the locusts into South Asia.
Threat posed by the locust attacks
- Crop damage: One square km swarm can eat as much food as 35000 people in a day. The recent desert locust attack has wiped out crops spread over 5,00,000 hectares in Rajasthan. It poses a serious threat to India’s food security in the recent future. They also destroy forest and urban vegetation areas if they are unable to find crops to feed.
- Allergies: Locust swarms often create allergens that aggravate allergies.
- Air travel: Generally, locusts are found at lower levels and therefore pose a threat to aircrafts especially in the critical landing and take-off phase of the flight.
- Pollution and Human Health: Use of pesticides such as Malathion 96 and Chlorpyrifos to thwart the probem of locust contributes to soil and water pollution.
Both are extremely toxic and a high level of exposure to the pesticides may cause nausea, dizziness and even death. In India, Locust Warning Organisation (LWO), under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, is responsible for monitoring, survey and control of Desert Locust in Scheduled Desert Areas mainly in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The steps taken by India to tackle the threat of locust attack include:
- Several Locust Circle Offices and temporary camps have been established to control and monitor the attack in coordination with District Administration and agriculture field machinery of affected states.
- Drones are used to spray pesticides on tall trees and inaccessible places for effective control of locusts.
- The Centre has compensated some of the farmers who suffered losses from the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Fund.
- Hindustan Insecticides Limited is now in the process of production and supply of 25MT Malathion for supply to locust control programme to Iran under Government to Government arrangement.
As the recent locust attack has shown that India’s food security remains vulnerable to such events, India needs to deeply engage with other regional countries like Pakistan and Iran to effectively tackle such future locust attacks by taking mitigating steps in the breeding grounds of these locusts itself.
See less - Indian Ocean Dipole: Positive Indian Ocean dipole made the western Indian Ocean particularly warm and consequently led to greater precipitation.
TeamSupreme
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Overview of Earthquake Risk: Introduce the geographical context of India as a hotspot for earthquakes due to tectonic plate boundaries, highlighting that over 60% of the country is vulnerable. 2. Reasons for Increased Frequency of Earthquakes Plate Tectonics: ...
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Model Answer Introduction India’s location at the boundary of two converging tectonic plates makes it a hotspot for earthquakes, with over 60% of the country’s area vulnerable to seismic activity. Despite the significant threat, mitigation measures in India are inadequate. Reasons for the IncreasedRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India’s location at the boundary of two converging tectonic plates makes it a hotspot for earthquakes, with over 60% of the country’s area vulnerable to seismic activity. Despite the significant threat, mitigation measures in India are inadequate.
Reasons for the Increased Frequency of Earthquakes
The increased frequency of earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent can be attributed to various factors. The primary reasons include:
- Plate Tectonics: The collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate leads to significant seismic activity in the region.
- Anthropogenic Activities: Activities such as mining and dam construction can trigger seismic events, contributing to the frequency of earthquakes.
Recent Major Earthquakes in the Region
The Indian subcontinent has witnessed several major earthquakes in recent years, including:
- 2015 Nepal Earthquake: This magnitude 7.8 earthquake caused extensive damage and loss of life, affecting northern India significantly.
- 2001 Bhuj Earthquake: A devastating earthquake that resulted in substantial destruction and casualties.
- 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: This catastrophic event led to widespread devastation, particularly in coastal regions of India.
Gaps in India’s Preparedness for Mitigating the Impact of Earthquakes
India’s ability to mitigate the impact of earthquakes has several significant gaps:
- Lack of Building Codes: There is an absence of stringent building codes and seismic-resistant structures, leading to unsafe construction practices.
- No Dedicated Agency: The lack of a dedicated agency for earthquake response and management hampers effective coordination during disasters.
- Limited Public Awareness: There is insufficient public education on earthquake preparedness, which is crucial for community resilience.
- Insufficient Resources: Funding and resources allocated for earthquake mitigation and response are inadequate.
Mechanisms for Preparedness to Reduce the Risk During Earthquakes
To reduce the impact of earthquakes, India needs to adopt a multi-faceted approach:
- Development of Building Codes: Establishing and enforcing earthquake-resistant building codes is essential.
- Dedicated Agency for Management: Creating a dedicated agency for earthquake management and response can improve coordination and effectiveness.
- Regular Drills and Awareness Campaigns: Conducting regular earthquake drills and public awareness campaigns can enhance preparedness.
- Investment in Research: Investing in research and development of innovative technologies for earthquake mitigation is crucial.
Conclusion
The increasing frequency of earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent highlights the urgent need for India to prioritize earthquake preparedness and mitigation efforts. By adopting a multi-faceted approach and investing in earthquake preparedness, India can save lives, reduce damage, and promote long-term economic stability. It is crucial for India to take immediate action to reduce the impact of earthquakes and ensure the safety and well-being of its citizens.
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TeamSupreme
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Disaster Preparedness: Explain it as a proactive approach to minimize disaster impacts. Introduce Hazard Zonation Mapping: State its significance in the context of landslide mitigation. Fact: “Disaster preparedness is crucial for effective disaster management.” (Source: UN Office ...
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Model Answer Introduction Disaster preparedness refers to measures taken in advance to minimize the impact of natural or man-made disasters on human life and property. It is crucial for effective disaster management. Hazard zonation mapping serves as a vital tool in this context, particularly for miRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Disaster preparedness refers to measures taken in advance to minimize the impact of natural or man-made disasters on human life and property. It is crucial for effective disaster management. Hazard zonation mapping serves as a vital tool in this context, particularly for mitigating the risks associated with landslides.
Identification of High-Risk Zones
Hazard zonation mapping plays a pivotal role in identifying areas susceptible to landslides. By analyzing physical characteristics such as slope angle, geology, soil type, rainfall, and vegetation cover, different zones can be classified with varying degrees of landslide susceptibility. This information is essential for prioritizing disaster mitigation efforts in high-risk areas.
Fact: “Geological and geographical factors are critical in determining landslide susceptibility.”
Development of Early Warning Systems
In identified high-risk zones, hazard zonation mapping can facilitate the development of early warning systems. These systems alert residents to evacuate in the event of a potential landslide. By pinpointing critical areas, such as those near rivers or steep slopes, authorities can strategically install warning systems to enhance community safety.
Fact: “Early warning systems can significantly reduce fatalities and injuries during landslides.”
Implementation of Mitigation Measures
Hazard zonation mapping enables disaster managers to implement proactive measures to mitigate landslide risks. In high-risk areas, strategies such as constructing retaining walls, stabilizing slopes, and creating effective drainage systems can be executed to prevent or minimize the impact of landslides.
Fact: “Physical mitigation strategies, when applied in high-risk zones, are effective in reducing landslide occurrences.”
Development of Land-Use Policies and Regulations
By identifying high-risk zones, hazard zonation mapping aids in formulating land-use policies and regulations. Restrictions can be enforced to limit activities like construction, mining, or logging in these vulnerable areas, thereby reducing the likelihood of landslides.
Fact: “Land-use planning is essential for minimizing disaster risks in high-hazard areas.”
Conclusion
Hazard zonation mapping is instrumental in disaster mitigation by identifying high-risk areas for landslides and facilitating appropriate measures to reduce their impact. By prioritizing disaster preparedness through such tools, communities can be better protected, minimizing the loss of life and property during natural disasters.
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TeamSupreme
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Vulnerability: Explain vulnerability as the susceptibility of individuals or communities to adverse effects from disasters. Importance: Highlight its significance in understanding disaster impacts. Fact: “Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their ...
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Model Answer Introduction Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their threat to people. It refers to the susceptibility of a community or individual to the adverse effects of disasters. Recognizing and addressing vulnerability is essential for effective disasterRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their threat to people. It refers to the susceptibility of a community or individual to the adverse effects of disasters. Recognizing and addressing vulnerability is essential for effective disaster risk management and resilience building.
Characterizing Vulnerability to Disasters
Vulnerability can be characterized by several interconnected factors, including social, economic, and environmental conditions. The interaction of these factors determines the degree to which individuals and communities are at risk. Effective vulnerability assessment is crucial for disaster risk reduction, as it identifies the groups and areas most susceptible to hazards (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020).
Types of Vulnerability with Reference to Disasters
Physical Vulnerability
Physical vulnerability pertains to the susceptibility of the built environment to disaster impacts. This includes factors such as building design, construction quality, and geographical location. Areas with inadequate infrastructure are more likely to suffer severe damage during events like earthquakes or floods (World Health Organization, 2019).
Economic Vulnerability
Economic vulnerability reflects the susceptibility of individuals and communities to the financial repercussions of disasters. Factors such as income levels, employment status, and access to financial resources significantly influence economic resilience. Low-income communities often face greater challenges in recovering from disasters (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2021).
Social Vulnerability
Social vulnerability involves the susceptibility of individuals or communities to the social impacts of disasters. This encompasses aspects such as social networks, cultural values, and access to information. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly and marginalized groups, often have limited resources and support during crisis situations (Cutter et al., 2008).
Environmental Vulnerability
Environmental vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of the natural environment to disaster impacts, influenced by factors like climate change, deforestation, and land use practices. Areas facing environmental degradation are often more prone to disasters, exacerbating the risks for local communities (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021).
Conclusion
Vulnerability to disasters can be characterized by assessing factors that increase the susceptibility of communities and individuals to disaster impacts. Understanding the different types of vulnerability—physical, social, economic, and environmental—is essential for enhancing community resilience and preparedness in the face of disasters.
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Sangeeta rathorBegginer
Describe the Indian institutional architecture for disaster management.
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Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure and from a relief-based approach to a 'multi-dimensional pro- active holistic approach for reducing risk'. The current institutional framework is characterized by following mechaRead more
Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure and from a relief-based approach to a ‘multi-dimensional pro- active holistic approach for reducing risk’.
The current institutional framework is characterized by following mechanisms:
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The National Disaster Management Act, 2005 Act provides for the setting up of NDMA at national level, and, the SDMA at the state level and the DDMAs at the district level.
- NDMA is the apex body for disaster management, which has the responsibility for laying down the policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management. The guidelines of NDMA assist the Central Ministries, Departments, and States to formulate their respective Disaster Management (DM) plans.
- National Executive Committee (NEC): It acts as the coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management. The NEC may give directions to the relevant Ministries/Departments of the Centre, the State Governments, and the State Authorities regarding measures to be taken by them in response to any specific threatening disaster situation or disaster as per needs of the State.
- National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR): A multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was constituted to include stakeholders including people representing different interests in the field of disaster management apart from centre and state governments.
- National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): It is the nodal agency responsible for human resource development, capacity building, training, research, documentation and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management. .
- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The NDRF is a specialist response force that can be deployed in a threatening disaster situation or disaster.
- The National Disaster Management Plan, 2016: It provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle. It provides for a comprehensive plan for different hazards with role and function clarity of all authorities involved.
Similar structures exist at the State and District level for tackling disaster managements. These include State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), State Executive Committee and District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). Need of the hour is to ensure effective functioning of these mechanisms by overcoming their various shortcomings like hierarchical, bureaucratic, command and control, ‘top down’, approach that gives the central, state, and district authorities sweeping powers. Going forward, India can also work on institutionalizing mechanisms for community-based disaster management, disaster resilient infrastructure etc. Further, issues like having no concrete plan or policy for anticipating requirements and mobilisation of funds, lack of trained manpower need to be resolved for the purpose of effective disaster management.
See less - National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The National Disaster Management Act, 2005 Act provides for the setting up of NDMA at national level, and, the SDMA at the state level and the DDMAs at the district level.
Dhruv ChoudharyBegginer
Analyze how community-based methods of disaster management have helped India’s vulnerable communities become more resilient.
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Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India 1. Introduction Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster riRead more
Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India
1. Introduction
Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster risk reduction and response efforts. These approaches are crucial for building resilience among vulnerable populations by leveraging local knowledge, resources, and capacities. This evaluation explores the role of CBDM in enhancing resilience in India, using recent examples to illustrate its effectiveness.
2. Importance of Community-Based Disaster Management
A. Enhancing Local Capacity and Ownership
1. Local Knowledge and Expertise: CBDM approaches harness local knowledge and expertise, which are essential for understanding the specific vulnerabilities and needs of communities. For instance, the Coastal Odisha Cyclone Preparedness Programme involves local fishermen and coastal residents in disaster preparedness and response planning, utilizing their knowledge of local conditions and risks.
2. Empowerment and Ownership: Engaging communities in disaster management fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment. The Kutch District in Gujarat has implemented community-based initiatives where local communities participate in risk assessment, planning, and response activities, leading to increased community engagement and effectiveness in disaster management.
B. Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerabilities
1. Customized Risk Reduction Measures: CBDM allows for the development of customized risk reduction measures tailored to local needs. The Maharashtra State Disaster Management Authority (MSDMA) collaborates with local communities to develop context-specific flood management strategies, such as constructing check dams and improving drainage systems in flood-prone areas.
2. Strengthening Social Networks: CBDM approaches strengthen social networks and support systems, which are critical for effective disaster response and recovery. The Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) initiatives in Assam have focused on building local networks and training community members in emergency response, which has improved collective resilience.
3. Recent Examples of Community-Based Disaster Management
A. The Uttarakhand Floods (2013)
1. Context and Response: The devastating floods in Uttarakhand in 2013 highlighted the need for community-based approaches in disaster management. Local communities played a crucial role in rescue operations and relief efforts, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain and local conditions.
2. Implementation of CBDM: Post-flood, various CBDM initiatives were implemented, including the formation of Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) and community-based early warning systems. These initiatives aimed to enhance local preparedness and response capacities, leading to more resilient communities in subsequent disaster events.
B. The Kerala Floods (2018)
1. Context and Response: The Kerala floods of 2018 were one of the worst floods in recent decades. Community-based efforts played a significant role in managing the crisis. Local volunteers and community groups were instrumental in rescue and relief operations, and their involvement helped in the rapid distribution of aid and resources.
2. Implementation of CBDM: Following the floods, Kerala has focused on strengthening community-based disaster management through initiatives such as the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), which involves local communities in flood preparedness and response planning. These efforts have included training community volunteers and setting up local disaster response teams.
C. The Cyclone Fani (2019)
1. Context and Response: Cyclone Fani, which struck Odisha in 2019, tested the effectiveness of community-based disaster management strategies. The state’s emphasis on involving local communities in disaster preparedness and response proved effective in mitigating the cyclone’s impact.
2. Implementation of CBDM: The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) engaged local communities through awareness programs, evacuation drills, and the establishment of community shelters. This approach significantly improved the state’s preparedness and response, reducing casualties and damage.
4. Recommendations for Enhancing Community-Based Disaster Management
A. Strengthening Training and Capacity Building
1. Comprehensive Training Programs: Developing comprehensive training programs for community members on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery can enhance their ability to manage disasters effectively. Training should include first aid, rescue operations, and risk assessment.
2. Building Local Disaster Management Committees: Establishing and empowering Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) can enhance community coordination and response capabilities. These committees should be supported with resources and training to perform their roles effectively.
B. Enhancing Integration with Government and Non-Governmental Organizations
1. Collaboration with Government Agencies: Strengthening collaboration between community-based organizations and government agencies can improve the coordination and effectiveness of disaster management efforts. Government agencies should support community initiatives through funding, technical assistance, and policy support.
2. Engaging Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs play a crucial role in supporting community-based disaster management. Collaborating with NGOs for training, resource mobilization, and technical support can enhance the effectiveness of community-based approaches.
C. Leveraging Technology and Innovation
1. Utilizing Early Warning Systems: Implementing community-based early warning systems using technology, such as mobile alerts and automated weather stations, can improve disaster preparedness. Integrating these systems with local knowledge can enhance their effectiveness.
2. Promoting Innovative Solutions: Encouraging the development and adoption of innovative solutions, such as community-driven risk maps and digital platforms for information sharing, can enhance disaster management efforts.
5. Conclusion
Community-based disaster management approaches are vital for building the resilience of vulnerable populations in India. By leveraging local knowledge, fostering community ownership, and strengthening social networks, these approaches contribute to effective disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Recent examples such as the Uttarakhand floods, Kerala floods, and Cyclone Fani illustrate the positive impact of community-based initiatives. Enhancing training, improving collaboration with government and NGOs, and leveraging technology can further strengthen community-based disaster management and contribute to more resilient communities across India.
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According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- "Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions". Formation of Tsunami - Displacement of water through earthquake, landslRead more
According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- “Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions”.
Formation of Tsunami –
Tsunami preparedness involves –
Mitigation Efforts taken by the governments –
- Creation of institutional framework like NDMA,INCOIS,IMD,NCMRWF.
- Coastal radar and surveillance system for early warning system.
- Tsunami resistant construction at Andaman and Nicobar islands .
- Regulatory measures like Disaster Management Act 2005 , Coastal Regulation Zone etc .
- Creation of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005 etc to promote international cooperation .
- Formation of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
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