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Home/upsc: cropping pattern/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aditya Sharma
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Aditya SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Analyze how the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops, such as Bt cotton, has affected cropping patterns and yields in various parts of India. You should also talk about the current policy discussions and controversies surrounding the usage of GM ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Impact of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops on Indian Agriculture 1. Overview of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India Adoption of GM Crops Bt Cotton: The most widely adopted GM crop in India is Bt cotton, which has been genetically modified to resist bollworm pests. Bt cotton was introduced in IndRead more

    Impact of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops on Indian Agriculture

    1. Overview of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India

    Adoption of GM Crops

    • Bt Cotton: The most widely adopted GM crop in India is Bt cotton, which has been genetically modified to resist bollworm pests. Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002 and has since become the dominant cotton variety.
    • Recent Example: As of 2024, Bt cotton occupies over 95% of the cotton-growing area in India, reflecting its widespread adoption and influence on cotton farming.

    2. Impact on Cropping Patterns and Yields

    Increased Cotton Yields

    • Yield Improvement: The introduction of Bt cotton has significantly increased cotton yields due to its pest resistance. Farmers have reported higher production and improved income from cotton cultivation.
    • Recent Example: In Maharashtra and Gujarat, regions where Bt cotton is predominantly grown, cotton yields increased by 25-30% compared to traditional varieties, as noted in the 2023 Agricultural Statistics Report.

    Shift in Cropping Patterns

    • Land Use Changes: The success of Bt cotton has led to shifts in cropping patterns, with more land being dedicated to cotton cultivation as it offers better returns compared to traditional crops.
    • Recent Example: In Telangana, the area under cotton cultivation increased by 20% between 2021 and 2023, partly due to the high profitability of Bt cotton.

    Reduction in Pesticide Use

    • Pesticide Savings: Bt cotton has led to a reduction in the use of chemical pesticides, reducing costs for farmers and minimizing environmental impact.
    • Recent Example: A study by ICAR in 2023 reported a 40% reduction in pesticide use in Bt cotton fields compared to non-Bt fields.

    3. Ongoing Debates and Policy Considerations

    Environmental and Health Concerns

    • Biodiversity Impact: Critics argue that GM crops, including Bt cotton, can affect biodiversity by reducing non-target insect populations and potentially leading to resistance in pests.
    • Health Concerns: There are ongoing debates about the potential long-term health impacts of consuming GM crops, though extensive studies have so far not conclusively demonstrated adverse health effects.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 report by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) highlighted concerns about potential environmental impacts and recommended stricter monitoring and evaluation protocols.

    Resistance Issues

    • Pest Resistance: Over time, pests may develop resistance to Bt toxins, leading to decreased effectiveness of Bt cotton and increased pest problems.
    • Recent Example: Reports from Punjab in 2023 indicated the emergence of resistance in certain bollworm populations, necessitating the development of new strategies to manage pest resistance.

    Regulatory and Policy Framework

    Approval and Regulation

    • Current Policies: GM crop adoption in India is regulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the GEAC. The approval process involves rigorous testing for safety and environmental impact.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 approval of GM mustard by the GEAC marked a significant policy shift, potentially paving the way for more GM crops in Indian agriculture.

    Policy Debates

    • Pro-GM Arguments: Supporters argue that GM crops like Bt cotton can enhance productivity, reduce pesticide use, and improve farmers’ incomes.
    • Anti-GM Arguments: Opponents raise concerns about environmental sustainability, health risks, and the socio-economic impact on smallholder farmers.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 Supreme Court ruling called for a review of GM crop regulations, highlighting the need for balanced policy considerations that address both benefits and risks.

    4. Future Directions and Recommendations

    Enhanced Research and Development

    • Investment in R&D: Continued investment in research to develop new GM varieties with improved traits, such as resistance to multiple pests and diseases, is crucial.
    • Recommendation: Strengthening public and private sector collaboration to accelerate the development of GM crops that address emerging challenges.

    Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

    • Holistic Approach: Combining GM crops with other pest management strategies to address resistance issues and reduce reliance on any single technology.
    • Recommendation: Implementing IPM practices alongside GM crops to ensure sustainable pest control and reduce the risk of resistance.

    Strengthening Regulatory Framework

    • Regulation and Oversight: Ensuring robust regulatory mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the long-term impacts of GM crops on health and the environment.
    • Recommendation: Enhancing transparency and public engagement in the regulatory process to build trust and address concerns about GM technology.

    5. Conclusion

    The adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops, particularly Bt cotton, has had a significant impact on Indian agriculture by increasing yields, reducing pesticide use, and shifting cropping patterns. However, the technology has also sparked debates over environmental, health, and resistance issues. The government’s regulatory framework, alongside ongoing research and policy discussions, aims to balance the benefits of GM crops with potential risks. Future strategies should focus on enhancing research, integrating pest management practices, and strengthening regulatory oversight to ensure the sustainable development of GM technology in Indian agriculture.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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What obstacles does crop diversification face today? In what ways may developing technology help diversify agricultural production? (250 words) [UPSC 2021]

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Aadhav Sharma
    Aadhav Sharma Enthusiast

    Present Challenges Before Crop Diversification **1. Monoculture Dependency: Many regions in India rely heavily on monoculture, particularly the cultivation of a single crop like paddy or wheat, due to traditional practices and market incentives. This dependency limits the adoption of diverse croppinRead more

    Present Challenges Before Crop Diversification

    **1. Monoculture Dependency: Many regions in India rely heavily on monoculture, particularly the cultivation of a single crop like paddy or wheat, due to traditional practices and market incentives. This dependency limits the adoption of diverse cropping systems.

    **2. Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of sufficient irrigation facilities, market access, and storage infrastructure hampers the ability of farmers to switch to new or diverse crops. For example, regions with insufficient irrigation often focus on water-intensive crops like paddy.

    **3. Economic Viability: Farmers may be reluctant to diversify due to the economic risks associated with new crops, such as uncertain market prices and yield. For instance, growing high-value crops like fruits and vegetables requires investment and risk management which many smallholders might not afford.

    **4. Lack of Knowledge and Extension Services: There is often a knowledge gap about the benefits and techniques of crop diversification. Agricultural extension services may be insufficient in providing the necessary training and support to farmers.

    Emerging Technologies Providing Opportunities for Crop Diversification

    **1. Precision Agriculture: Technologies like drones, satellite imagery, and soil sensors help in assessing soil health and optimizing crop selection. For instance, Precision Farming provides data on soil conditions that can guide farmers in choosing appropriate crops for their land.

    **2. Genetic Engineering: Advances in crop genetics have led to the development of drought-resistant and high-yielding varieties of diverse crops. The introduction of GM crops like Bt cotton and biofortified crops helps in adapting to varying climatic conditions.

    **3. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate-resilient farming practices supported by technology, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, enable farmers to cultivate a variety of crops even under adverse weather conditions.

    **4. Digital Platforms: Agri-tech platforms and mobile apps provide real-time market information, weather forecasts, and expert advice, helping farmers make informed decisions about crop diversification. For example, apps like Kisan Suvidha offer critical insights that support crop diversification strategies.

    **5. Supply Chain Innovations: Cold storage solutions and efficient logistics supported by technology improve the marketability and shelf-life of diverse crops, encouraging farmers to grow high-value crops like fruits and vegetables.

    Conclusion: While crop diversification faces challenges such as monoculture dependency, inadequate infrastructure, and economic risks, emerging technologies offer significant opportunities to overcome these barriers. By leveraging precision agriculture, genetic engineering, climate-smart practices, and digital platforms, farmers can enhance their ability to diversify crops, leading to more resilient and sustainable agricultural systems.

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Rajashree Shirke
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 20, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly define climate change and its relevance to agriculture. Highlight the role of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and temperature shifts, in altering cropping patterns. Mention that India, heavily reliant on agriculture, is seeing significant changes in ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India Climate change and extreme weather events are significantly altering agricultural practices in India, a country highly dependent on rainfed agriculture. These changes are affecting cropping patterns across various regions in the folRead more

    Model Answer

    Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India

    Climate change and extreme weather events are significantly altering agricultural practices in India, a country highly dependent on rainfed agriculture. These changes are affecting cropping patterns across various regions in the following ways:

    1. Shifting from Kharif to Rabi Crops Due to Flooding

    In flood-prone regions, farmers are adjusting their cropping patterns to avoid the damages caused by unpredictable rainfall and floods. For example, in Assam’s Dhemaji district, farmers are increasingly opting to cultivate Rabi crops such as mustard, potatoes, and peas, instead of traditional Kharif crops like rice, which are more susceptible to flooding.

    2. Early Harvesting Due to Rising Temperatures

    Rising temperatures are shortening crop cycles, forcing farmers to harvest crops earlier than usual. In North India, for instance, mustard was harvested as early as February 2023, a significant shift from the traditional harvest time of March or April. This change impacts crop yields and overall productivity.

    3. Shifting to Higher Altitudes

    In regions like Himachal Pradesh, increasing winter temperatures are affecting the farming environment. As a result, apple growers are moving their orchards to higher altitudes or adopting mixed farming by intercropping vegetables and fruits in lower-altitude areas to adapt to changing climatic conditions.

    4. Transition to Aquaculture in Coastal Areas

    In coastal regions like South Gujarat, saltwater intrusion due to rising sea levels has made traditional agriculture unsustainable. As a result, many farmers are transitioning to aquaculture, adjusting their practices to the changing ecosystem.

    5. Adopting Less Water-Intensive Crops

    Changes in precipitation and increasing evaporation are leading to water scarcity, particularly in drought-prone areas. Farmers in Maharashtra, for example, have shifted from water-intensive crops like grapes to more drought-tolerant crops like pomegranates.

    6. Adopting New Techniques

    To cope with extreme weather events, many farmers are incorporating new technologies, such as storm-resistant greenhouses, which provide a protective environment for crops against harsh weather.

    Conclusion

    The impacts of climate change on cropping patterns in India are profound, but adaptation strategies like those promoted by government initiatives, such as the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), are crucial to making Indian agriculture more resilient.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the significance of rice and wheat in India’s agriculture. State the issue of declining yields in North-west India. 2. Major Reasons for Declining Yield A. Declining Soil Productivity Explain continuous cropping leading to soil fatigue. Fact: Soil organic carbon ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India’s agrarian landscape, underpinned by staple crops like rice and wheat, is witnessing a paradigm shift. Despite the country being the second-largest producer of wheat and rice globally, regions, notably North-west India, have observed declining yields. Major Reasons foRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India’s agrarian landscape, underpinned by staple crops like rice and wheat, is witnessing a paradigm shift. Despite the country being the second-largest producer of wheat and rice globally, regions, notably North-west India, have observed declining yields.

    Major Reasons for the Declining Yield

    1. Declining Soil Productivity:
      Continuous cropping has led to soil fatigue, loss of essential minerals, and an increase in salinity. For example, Punjab, the ‘Granary of India’, has seen a drop in soil fertility due to over-cultivation and absence of fallow periods. Studies indicate that in some regions of Punjab, soil organic carbon levels have decreased by about 15-20% over the last two decades.
    2. Impact of Climatic Changes:
      Global warming and erratic monsoons have jeopardized the predictable climate essential for these crops. For instance, wheat production in Haryana faced a setback in 2020 when untimely rains coupled with increased temperatures affected the crop’s maturity. A study by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute found that for every 1°C increase in temperature, wheat yields could decrease by 4-5%.
    3. Unscientific Agricultural Practices:
      Over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improper irrigation techniques have compromised soil health. For example, excessive irrigation in rice fields of Andhra Pradesh led to a condition called ‘alkaline soils’, which are less productive. India uses 2.2 times more fertilizer than the global average per hectare of arable land, as per the World Bank.

    Crop Diversification as a Solution

    1. Nutrient Management and Soil Health:
      Different crops extract varied nutrients from the soil. Rotating crops ensures balanced nutrient extraction and replenishment. For example, introducing pulses post a paddy harvest can help fix atmospheric nitrogen, replenishing the soil’s nitrogen content. According to FAO, crop rotation can increase soil nutrient content by up to 25%.
    2. Conservation of Water Resources:
      Diversifying into less water-intensive crops can reduce stress on water tables. For instance, transitioning to millets in semi-arid regions can reduce water usage by up to 60% compared to paddy.
    3. Enhanced Pest and Disease Management:
      Crop diversification can disrupt the life cycles of pests and diseases specific to a particular crop. For example, introducing mustard in a wheat-paddy rotation can deter pests common to both wheat and rice. Studies indicate that diversifying crops can reduce pest-related losses by up to 40%.

    Conclusion

    India’s agricultural resilience hinges on its adaptability. While rice and wheat are staples, the declining yields necessitate a re-examination of our agricultural practices. Crop diversification emerges as a holistic solution, addressing soil health, water conservation, and pest management. Embracing these shifts can ensure sustained yields, ecological balance, and food security for the nation.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly define the rice-wheat cropping system. Mention its prevalence in India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plains. 2. Major Factors Responsible for Success Green Revolution: Introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and technology. Source: National Agricultural Research System. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: Government procurement ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly inRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, and West Bengal.

    Major Factors for Success

    1. Green Revolution: The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and advanced agricultural technologies significantly boosted food grain production, particularly rice and wheat. Enhanced irrigation facilities and machinery further increased productivity and cropping area.
    2. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: The government’s procurement of rice and wheat at MSP has insulated farmers from market risks, encouraging a shift towards these crops.
    3. Food Preferences: Rice and wheat are staple foods in India, leading subsistence farmers to cultivate these crops for personal consumption.
    4. Favorable Agro-climatic Conditions: The warm, humid climate and fertile soils in the rice-wheat belt support high yields, making it an ideal region for this cropping system.
    5. Allied Activities: The system also supports livestock farming through the provision of green fodder, enhancing overall agricultural productivity.

    Bane of the Rice-Wheat System

    Despite its success, the rice-wheat system has led to several ecological and economic issues:

    • Groundwater Depletion: The reliance on groundwater for irrigation, exacerbated by free power policies, has led to severe depletion, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, which are now over-exploited zones.
    • Environmental Pollution: Crop residue burning in states like Punjab and Haryana contributes to significant air pollution, while excessive use of fertilizers has resulted in soil degradation and water contamination.
    • Loss of Biodiversity: The focus on hybrid seeds and monoculture practices has diminished biodiversity, making crops more susceptible to pests and diseases.
    • Economic Challenges: Rising labor costs and exposure to global markets have reduced farmers’ incomes, with productivity levels in India lagging behind international standards, such as those in China.
    • Lack of Innovation: The long-standing MSP system has stifled farmers’ entrepreneurial skills and innovation, leading to unsustainable agricultural practices.

    Conclusion

    To address these challenges, India must adopt innovative agricultural strategies, diversify cropping patterns, and enhance market access for farmers. An Ever-Green Revolution is essential for sustainable agricultural growth and the future of rural youth.

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Shekhar jaat
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Shekhar jaatBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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Describe what you mean by urban agriculture and list the many kinds. Talk about its importance in relation to India as well. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Meera Singh
    Meera Singh Begginer

    Urban agriculture refers to agricultural practices followed in urban and peri-urban areas i.e. growing of plants and the rearing of animals primarily for food and other domestic use within a city or a town. It also involves activities such as the production, processing, marketing, and delivery of faRead more

    Urban agriculture refers to agricultural practices followed in urban and peri-urban areas i.e. growing of plants and the rearing of animals primarily for food and other domestic use within a city or a town. It also involves activities such as the production, processing, marketing, and delivery of farming products.

    Urban agriculture has different types:

    • Backyard Gardens: Backyard Garden farming is a type of urban farming carried out on the house property to grow food which if the surplus is shared among neighbors, friends, and family.
    • Street Landscaping: In this type of urban farming, grass, landscaping, street trees, vegetation, and others are produced in the private streets of the society or community.
    • Vertical Farms: Vertical farming is the practice of producing crops vertically stacked. It also provides controlled environment farming. Vertical farming aims to optimize crop growth.
    • Forest Gardening: Forest gardening is the practice of having grown gardens in the urban forest. In this type, different types of crops are produced.
    • Rooftop Gardens: Rooftop gardens provide temperature control, architectural enhancement, corridors for wildlife, habitats, and recreational opportunities with decorative benefits.
    • Aquaponics: In aquaponics, fish are raised in water tanks. In these tanks, plants are also grown, and the waste from the fish gives manure to the plants.
    • Urban Beekeeping: It is also known as backyard beekeeping or hobby beekeeping. It is said that bees from the city are healthier and more productive.
    • Greenhouse: It includes the practice of agriculture in commercial, residential, and communal urban spaces. It helps farmers to increase their yield and performance with improved quality.

    Significance for India

    • Decentralized Production: Small-scale decentralized production can supplement diets at the household or community level.
    • Environment Management: Urban agriculture can combat the urban heat island effect and function as an urban lung in addition to providing visual appeal. Additionally, it brings purposeful recreation that has a direct impact on city health.
    • Eco-Cultural Learning: Urban agriculture helps city dwellers establish linkages with nature and educate them about its richness and diversity.
    • Waste Management: The use of suitably treated wastewater for urban agriculture can reduce the demand for fresh water and help in wastewater disposal.
      • Moreover, organic waste from the city can be composted and used in food and flower production which can reduce the total quantum of waste and its dumping on land, thereby, reducing the requirement of landfills.
    • Employment Generation: It can add to the number of jobs improve livelihood opportunities in the cities and generate some income, especially for the poor. As urban populations grow, urban agriculture must become vital to municipal functions. Similarly, urban plans must include urban agriculture in their land-use strategies.
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Arjun Sharma
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Arjun SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine how the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and other cutting-edge crop management techniques might improve the sustainability and productivity of India’s main food crops, like wheat and rice, in various agroclimatic zones.

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Potential of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Innovative Crop Management Practices in India 1. Overview of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction and Principles SRI Methodology: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an innovative rice cultivation technique that focuses oRead more

    Potential of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Innovative Crop Management Practices in India

    1. Overview of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

    Introduction and Principles

    • SRI Methodology: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an innovative rice cultivation technique that focuses on improving productivity through enhanced plant management. Key principles include using fewer seeds, planting younger seedlings, and maintaining proper spacing.
    • Recent Example: In Tamil Nadu, SRI has been implemented successfully, with reports indicating an increase in rice yield by up to 30% compared to conventional methods.

    2. Impact on Rice Production

    Increased Productivity

    • Yield Improvement: SRI practices often lead to higher rice yields due to better root development, reduced plant competition, and improved water and nutrient management.
    • Recent Example: In Assam, SRI has increased rice yields from 2.5 tons per hectare to 3.5 tons per hectare in recent trials conducted in 2023.

    Water Efficiency

    • Reduced Water Usage: SRI emphasizes intermittent irrigation and the use of less water compared to traditional methods, which helps conserve water resources.
    • Recent Example: In West Bengal, the adoption of SRI has led to a 30% reduction in water usage for rice cultivation, addressing regional water scarcity issues.

    Environmental Benefits

    • Soil Health: SRI practices improve soil health through better organic matter management and reduced chemical use.
    • Recent Example: A study in Odisha in 2023 reported improved soil fertility and reduced chemical runoff due to SRI practices.

    3. Application to Other Crops

    Wheat and Other Major Crops

    • Adaptation to Wheat: While SRI is specifically designed for rice, similar principles of crop management, such as reduced seed density and optimal spacing, can be applied to wheat cultivation.
    • Recent Example: In Punjab, innovative practices inspired by SRI have led to improved wheat yields by optimizing planting density and nutrient management.

    4. Innovative Crop Management Practices

    Precision Farming

    • Technological Integration: Precision farming involves the use of technology to optimize field-level management of crops. Techniques include GPS-guided machinery and data analytics for better crop management.
    • Recent Example: In Haryana, precision farming technologies have been integrated into wheat cultivation, leading to a 15% increase in yield and reduced input costs.

    Conservation Agriculture

    • Principles and Benefits: Conservation agriculture focuses on minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and crop rotation to improve soil health and productivity.
    • Recent Example: In Madhya Pradesh, conservation agriculture practices have increased wheat yields and improved soil moisture retention.

    5. Regional Adaptation and Challenges

    Regional Suitability

    • Agro-Climatic Adaptation: The effectiveness of SRI and other practices can vary based on regional agro-climatic conditions. Adapting practices to local conditions is crucial for success.
    • Recent Example: In Kerala, SRI has been adapted to the high rainfall and humidity conditions, demonstrating flexibility in different climatic zones.

    Challenges in Adoption

    • Knowledge and Training: Successful implementation of SRI and other innovative practices requires training and awareness among farmers.
    • Recent Example: In Jharkhand, challenges in implementing SRI include a lack of training and initial resistance from farmers. Efforts are ongoing to provide better training and support.

    Infrastructure and Resource Constraints

    • Access to Resources: Limited access to quality seeds, irrigation facilities, and technical support can hinder the adoption of innovative practices.
    • Recent Example: In Chhattisgarh, inadequate irrigation infrastructure has posed challenges to the widespread adoption of SRI.

    6. Government and Institutional Support

    Supportive Policies

    • Government Initiatives: Various government schemes and programs support the adoption of innovative crop management practices through subsidies, training, and research funding.
    • Recent Example: The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) provides support for irrigation infrastructure, aiding the implementation of water-efficient practices like SRI.

    Research and Extension Services

    • Role of Research: Ongoing research and extension services are essential for adapting and refining innovative practices to local conditions.
    • Recent Example: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) continues to conduct research on optimizing SRI and other practices for different agro-climatic zones.

    7. Recommendations for Enhancing Productivity and Sustainability

    Scaling Up Successful Practices

    • Expansion and Training: Expanding successful practices like SRI through targeted training programs and scaling up implementation in diverse regions.
    • Recommendation: Developing region-specific strategies and expanding extension services to support broader adoption of innovative practices.

    Strengthening Infrastructure and Support

    • Infrastructure Development: Improving infrastructure for irrigation, seed supply, and technical support to facilitate the adoption of innovative practices.
    • Recommendation: Investing in infrastructure and providing financial support to farmers for adopting new technologies.

    Promoting Research and Development

    • Ongoing Innovation: Supporting research and development to continuously improve crop management practices and adapt them to changing environmental conditions.
    • Recommendation: Increasing funding for agricultural research and encouraging public-private partnerships for innovation.

    8. Conclusion

    The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and other innovative crop management practices have shown significant potential in enhancing productivity and sustainability in Indian agriculture. While SRI has demonstrated notable success in rice cultivation, similar principles can benefit other crops like wheat. However, challenges such as regional adaptation, infrastructure deficits, and the need for comprehensive support must be addressed. By scaling up successful practices, strengthening infrastructure, and promoting ongoing research, India can further enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability across diverse agro-climatic zones.

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Rajni Gautam
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Rajni GautamBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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The emergence of climate change is contributing to the resurgence of millet farming. Talk about it. Mention the initiatives the government has taking to boost millet production in India as well. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Bhairavi Gauatam
    Bhairavi Gauatam Begginer

    The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change because the climate of a region determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. In such a situation, there is a need to look for crops, which can survive the ongoing climate change. In this context, theRead more

    The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change because the climate of a region determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. In such a situation, there is a need to look for crops, which can survive the ongoing climate change. In this context, the cultivation of millets is being revived owing to the following reasons:

    • Millets are hardy crops that can thrive in varying agro-climate regions and can withstand extreme temperatures and droughts. Some varieties of pearl millets survive at temperatures up to 46 degrees Celsius.
    • These crops help mitigate the effects of climate change through their lower carbon footprint per hectare as compared to wheat and rice.
    • Millets also require less water than rice, sugarcane, and wheat. They grow well in dry zones as rain-fed crops.
    • They grow well on poor soils as well. In many areas, millets are cultivated on grazing lands, which were unused for any other profitable work prior to this.
    • Their cultivation cost is lesser when compared to other crops since millets are mostly cultivated on natural farming-based techniques, eliminating a lot of other input costs.
    • Millets are called ‘famine reserves’ as they have a short growing season of 65 days and can be stored for two years or beyond.

    Moreover, climate change, which is now impacting agricultural production and food stability, threatens nutritional security as well. In this context, millets gain importance as they act as rich sources of macronutrients and micronutrients, with high levels of calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, protein, and essential amino acids. They are non-glutinous and rich in antioxidants as well. India currently has around 14 million hectares of land under millet cultivation. Further, according to the fourth advance estimates for the year 2021-22, about 16 million tonnes of millet have been produced in India, which is about 5 percent of the national food grain basket. Considering the benefits, various steps have been taken by the government to promote millet cultivation, including:

    • Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP), which was launched in 2011-12 to promote millets as “Nutri-cereals” and enhance India’s nutritional security. It is a part of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
    • The government declared 2018 as the National Year of Millets and launched the Millet Mission as part of the National Food Security Mission, which has led to the promotion of technological interventions, improvement in seed quality, and a minimum support price (MSP).
    • Integrated Cereals Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals under Macro Management of Agriculture scheme to increase the overall productivity under specific crop-based systems.
    • The government allowed the inclusion of “nutri- cereals” in the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the Mid-Day Meal scheme.
    • State governments have launched several schemes to give an impetus to the production of millets, such as the Odisha Millets Mission.

    With 2023 being the UN-designated International Year of Millets, there is a need to promote and strengthen the value chain for millets and millet-based products, including the ready-to-eat category. Millets are being increasingly recognized as climate-smart crops with enormous nutritional and health benefits.

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Veer Patel
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Veer PatelLearner
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
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Examine the variables affecting the shifting cropping patterns in the northeastern Indian states, and talk about the potential and difficulties of diversifying crop output and advancing environmentally friendly farming methods in this area.

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Factors Influencing Changing Cropping Patterns in North-Eastern States of India 1. Geographic and Climatic Factors Topography and Soil Types Diverse Topography: The north-eastern region of India is characterized by diverse topography, including hills, valleys, and river plains. This influences the sRead more

    Factors Influencing Changing Cropping Patterns in North-Eastern States of India

    1. Geographic and Climatic Factors

    Topography and Soil Types

    • Diverse Topography: The north-eastern region of India is characterized by diverse topography, including hills, valleys, and river plains. This influences the suitability of different crops.
    • Soil Variability: The region has a variety of soil types, including alluvial soils in the river valleys and red soils in the hilly areas, which affect cropping patterns.

    Climatic Conditions

    • Monsoon Dependency: The region receives heavy monsoon rains, which influence the choice of crops. Variability in rainfall patterns can affect crop yields and timings.
    • Recent Example: In Assam, the 2023 monsoon season saw excessive rainfall, leading to localized flooding and impacting rice cultivation, a staple crop in the region.

    2. Socio-Economic Factors

    Economic Opportunities

    • Market Access: Improved infrastructure and market linkages are essential for crop diversification and accessing wider markets.
    • Recent Example: The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) has improved rural road connectivity in states like Nagaland, enhancing market access for farmers.

    Population Pressure and Land Use

    • Land Constraints: With increasing population pressure, there is a need to optimize land use and explore crop diversification to ensure food security.
    • Recent Example: In Tripura, rising population density has led to smaller farm sizes, necessitating more intensive and diverse cropping practices.

    3. Technological and Agricultural Practices

    Adoption of New Technologies

    • Improved Varieties: The introduction of high-yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties can impact cropping patterns and productivity.
    • Recent Example: In Meghalaya, the introduction of improved ginger varieties in 2023 has led to increased yields and expanded cultivation areas.

    Traditional Practices vs. Modern Techniques

    • Traditional Farming: Many areas still rely on traditional farming methods, which may limit crop diversification and productivity.
    • Recent Example: In Arunachal Pradesh, traditional shifting cultivation practices continue to dominate, despite efforts to promote modern agricultural techniques.

    4. Government Policies and Initiatives

    Supportive Policies

    • Government Schemes: Various schemes aim to support crop diversification and sustainable practices, such as subsidies for adopting new technologies and improved seeds.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 introduction of the National Agriculture Market (eNAM) in the north-eastern states aims to improve market access and support crop diversification.

    Infrastructure Development

    • Irrigation and Storage: Investments in irrigation and storage infrastructure are crucial for supporting crop diversification and reducing post-harvest losses.
    • Recent Example: The development of cold storage facilities in Sikkim in 2023 has helped in better storage and marketability of horticultural crops like oranges and apples.

    5. Opportunities in Crop Diversification

    High-Value Crops

    • Diversification Potential: There is potential to grow high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, which can provide higher returns.
    • Recent Example: Mizoram has seen a rise in the cultivation of cardamom and passion fruit, offering new income opportunities for farmers.

    Organic Farming

    • Market Demand: Growing demand for organic products presents an opportunity for the region to capitalize on its natural resources and traditional practices.
    • Recent Example: Sikkim, which declared itself the first fully organic state in India in 2020, has successfully promoted organic farming and improved market access for organic produce.

    6. Challenges in Crop Diversification and Sustainable Practices

    Infrastructure Deficits

    • Lack of Infrastructure: Insufficient infrastructure for irrigation, storage, and transportation hampers efforts to diversify crops and improve agricultural sustainability.
    • Recent Example: Nagaland faces challenges in infrastructure development, which impacts the ability to implement modern farming practices and ensure efficient market access.

    Climate Change and Environmental Impact

    • Climate Risks: Changes in climate patterns can affect crop yields and suitability, necessitating adaptive strategies and resilient farming practices.
    • Recent Example: Increased frequency of landslides and erosion in Manipur due to heavy rains has impacted agricultural productivity and stability.

    Economic and Policy Barriers

    • Financial Constraints: Limited access to credit and financial resources can hinder investment in new technologies and crop diversification.
    • Recent Example: Assam has faced challenges in accessing adequate financial support for transitioning to high-value crops and sustainable practices.

    7. Recommendations for Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices

    Strengthening Infrastructure

    • Investment in Infrastructure: Enhancing irrigation systems, storage facilities, and rural roads to support crop diversification and reduce post-harvest losses.
    • Recommendation: Increased government and private sector investment in infrastructure projects to support agricultural development.

    Promoting Research and Extension Services

    • Support for Farmers: Providing research support and extension services to educate farmers about new technologies, sustainable practices, and crop diversification options.
    • Recommendation: Expanding extension services and promoting research on region-specific crop varieties and farming techniques.

    Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships

    • Collaborative Efforts: Fostering partnerships between the government, private sector, and local communities to support agricultural innovation and market access.
    • Recommendation: Encouraging public-private partnerships to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural practices.

    8. Conclusion

    The changing cropping patterns in the north-eastern states of India are influenced by a range of factors including climatic conditions, socio-economic factors, and technological advancements. While there are significant opportunities for crop diversification and sustainable agricultural practices, challenges such as infrastructure deficits, climate risks, and economic barriers need to be addressed. By strengthening infrastructure, promoting research and extension services, and encouraging public-private partnerships, the region can enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability, contributing to broader development goals and improved livelihoods for farmers.

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