Sign Up

Have an account?

Sign In

Don't have account,

Forgot Password

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.


Have an account?

Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask a question.

Need An Account,

Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.

Search
Ask A Question
Home/upsc: cropping pattern

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aditya Sharma
  • 0
Aditya SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how cropping patterns are affected by climate change in India’s various agroclimatic zones, and talk about the measures taken by the government and farmers to strengthen the resilience of agricultural systems

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India 1. Overview of Climate Change Effects on Agriculture Changing Weather Patterns Temperature Increase: Rising temperatures are affecting crop growth periods and yields. Studies show that a 1°C increase in temperature can lead to a reduction in wheRead more

    Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India

    1. Overview of Climate Change Effects on Agriculture

    Changing Weather Patterns

    • Temperature Increase: Rising temperatures are affecting crop growth periods and yields. Studies show that a 1°C increase in temperature can lead to a reduction in wheat yields by up to 10%.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 report by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) indicated an increase in average temperatures, affecting the planting and harvesting cycles of various crops.

    Shifts in Rainfall Patterns

    • Monsoon Variability: Changes in the timing and intensity of the monsoon are disrupting traditional cropping patterns. Uneven distribution of rainfall can lead to droughts or floods.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 monsoon season saw erratic rainfall in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka, which negatively impacted the kharif crop sowing and yields.

    2. Regional Impacts on Cropping Patterns

    North India

    • Wheat and Rice: In the Indo-Gangetic Plain, rising temperatures are leading to heat stress during the wheat-growing season, affecting yields.
    • Recent Example: In Punjab and Haryana, wheat yields decreased by about 8% in 2023 due to higher temperatures during the grain-filling period.

    South India

    • Rice and Groundnut: Erratic monsoon patterns have led to water scarcity, affecting rice and groundnut cultivation.
    • Recent Example: Tamil Nadu faced significant water shortages in 2023, leading to a reduction in rice cultivation area by 15% compared to previous years.

    Eastern India

    • Flood-prone Areas: Increased rainfall and flooding are disrupting the rice and jute cropping systems.
    • Recent Example: In Bengal, excessive rainfall during the 2023 monsoon season resulted in widespread flooding, damaging paddy crops and causing a 12% reduction in yield.

    Western India

    • Sugarcane and Cotton: Changes in rainfall and temperature are impacting sugarcane and cotton production, particularly in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
    • Recent Example: Gujarat experienced irregular rainfall in 2023, which led to a significant decline in cotton production by around 10%.

    3. Government Strategies to Enhance Agricultural Resilience

    National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

    • Objective: Aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices, improve soil health, and enhance crop resilience to climate change.
    • Recent Example: The 2024 NMSA action plan includes initiatives for soil health management and promotion of climate-resilient crops like drought-tolerant varieties.

    Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)

    • Objective: Focuses on improving irrigation infrastructure and water use efficiency to mitigate the impacts of erratic rainfall.
    • Recent Example: Under PMKSY, the 2024 launch of micro-irrigation projects in water-scarce regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka aims to optimize water use and support sustainable agriculture.

    Climate Resilient Agricultural Practices

    • Crop Diversification: Encouraging the adoption of diverse cropping systems to spread risk and reduce dependency on a single crop.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 initiative by the Ministry of Agriculture promotes the cultivation of pulses and oilseeds in areas traditionally growing rice, reducing vulnerability to climate-induced risks.

    Promotion of Climate-Resilient Varieties

    • Seed Development: Development and dissemination of climate-resilient crop varieties that can withstand extreme weather conditions.
    • Recent Example: The ICAR’s introduction of heat-resistant wheat varieties in Punjab and Haryana has helped mitigate the impact of rising temperatures on wheat production.

    4. Farmer Adaptation Strategies

    Adoption of Conservation Agriculture

    • Techniques: Farmers are increasingly adopting conservation agriculture practices such as minimum tillage, crop residue management, and cover cropping to enhance soil health and water retention.
    • Recent Example: In Uttar Pradesh, the adoption of zero-tillage practices for wheat cultivation has improved soil moisture and reduced crop losses due to irregular rainfall.

    Improved Water Management

    • Technologies: Utilization of rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and sprinkler systems to manage water resources more effectively.
    • Recent Example: Maharashtra’s adoption of rainwater harvesting techniques has improved water availability for agriculture and supported better crop yields in drought-prone areas.

    Use of Climate Information Services

    • Forecasts and Advisory: Leveraging climate forecasts and agricultural advisories to make informed decisions about sowing, irrigation, and harvesting.
    • Recent Example: The 2024 launch of the Digital Agriculture Platform provides real-time weather forecasts and agronomic advice to farmers across India, helping them adapt to changing climate conditions.

    5. Challenges and Future Directions

    Financial Constraints

    • Funding Issues: Limited financial resources for implementing climate-resilient practices and technologies can hinder widespread adoption.
    • Recommendation: Increased investment in research and subsidies for climate-resilient technologies is essential to support farmers.

    Knowledge Gaps

    • Awareness and Training: There is a need for better awareness and training programs to educate farmers about new practices and technologies.
    • Recommendation: Expanding extension services and training programs to enhance farmer knowledge and adoption of climate-resilient practices.

    Infrastructure Development

    • Irrigation and Storage: Developing robust infrastructure for irrigation and crop storage to manage the impacts of climate variability effectively.
    • Recommendation: Prioritizing infrastructure development in rural areas to support effective water management and reduce post-harvest losses.

    6. Conclusion

    India’s evolving climatic conditions are significantly impacting cropping patterns across various agro-climatic regions. The government’s efforts through initiatives like the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, and promotion of climate-resilient practices are crucial in enhancing the resilience of agricultural systems. Farmers are also adapting by adopting conservation agriculture, improved water management, and utilizing climate information services. However, addressing challenges such as financial constraints, knowledge gaps, and infrastructure development is essential for building a more resilient agricultural sector capable of coping with ongoing climate change impacts.

    See less
Team
  • 1
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In: , ,
  • 1

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define agricultural subsidies and their purpose. Mention the various types of subsidies provided in India (fertilizer, irrigation, etc.). 2. Impact of Subsidies A. Cropping Pattern Explain how subsidies influence the choice of crops. Fact: In Punjab, cheap electricity and irrigation subsidies ...

upsc: cropping patternupsc: food processingupsc: minimum support prices
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction An agricultural subsidy is an incentive paid by the government to farmers as a supplement to their income, aimed at maintaining the supply of agricultural commodities. In India, subsidies cover various aspects such as fertilizer, irrigation, equipment, credit, seed, and expRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    An agricultural subsidy is an incentive paid by the government to farmers as a supplement to their income, aimed at maintaining the supply of agricultural commodities. In India, subsidies cover various aspects such as fertilizer, irrigation, equipment, credit, seed, and export subsidies.

    Impact of Subsidies on Cropping Pattern, Crop Diversity, and Economy of Farmers

    1. Cropping Pattern:
      Subsidies significantly influence the cropping patterns in agricultural regions. Crops that receive substantial subsidies tend to dominate the landscape. For instance, in Punjab, the availability of cheap electricity and irrigation subsidies has led farmers to cultivate water-intensive crops like rice, which has resulted in a skewed cropping pattern favoring these crops over others.
    2. Crop Diversity:
      The provision of subsidies often discourages crop diversity. Farmers are incentivized to grow subsidized crops, leading to a reduction in the cultivation of diverse crops. To counteract this, governments have begun to announce subsidies for alternative crops to promote greater crop diversity.
    3. Economy of Farmers:
      Subsidies provide a safety net for farmers by reducing their dependence on volatile market forces, ensuring a more stable income. While this can help farmers sustain their livelihoods during adverse market conditions, it can also create a dependency on government support, potentially leading to inefficiencies in the agricultural sector and limiting farmers’ responsiveness to market signals.

    Significance for Small and Marginal Farmers

    1. Crop Insurance:
      Crop insurance serves as a protective measure against crop failures due to unforeseen events, helping small and marginal farmers avoid financial ruin. By paying a small premium, farmers can secure future support in case of crop loss.
    2. Minimum Support Price (MSP):
      The MSP guarantees a minimum price for certain agricultural commodities, ensuring that small and marginal farmers receive fair compensation for their produce, even when market prices are low.
    3. Food Processing:
      Food processing industries provide a stable market for small farmers, allowing them to add value to their products. By processing and packaging their produce, farmers can sell at higher prices, thereby improving their financial stability.

    Conclusion

    Subsidies, crop insurance, minimum support price (MSP), and food processing play crucial roles in supporting small and marginal farmers. However, it is essential to design and implement these policies carefully to achieve their intended goals without unintended consequences.

    See less
Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 20, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly define climate change and its relevance to agriculture. Highlight the role of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and temperature shifts, in altering cropping patterns. Mention that India, heavily reliant on agriculture, is seeing significant changes in ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India Climate change and extreme weather events are significantly altering agricultural practices in India, a country highly dependent on rainfed agriculture. These changes are affecting cropping patterns across various regions in the folRead more

    Model Answer

    Impact of Climate Change on Cropping Patterns in India

    Climate change and extreme weather events are significantly altering agricultural practices in India, a country highly dependent on rainfed agriculture. These changes are affecting cropping patterns across various regions in the following ways:

    1. Shifting from Kharif to Rabi Crops Due to Flooding

    In flood-prone regions, farmers are adjusting their cropping patterns to avoid the damages caused by unpredictable rainfall and floods. For example, in Assam’s Dhemaji district, farmers are increasingly opting to cultivate Rabi crops such as mustard, potatoes, and peas, instead of traditional Kharif crops like rice, which are more susceptible to flooding.

    2. Early Harvesting Due to Rising Temperatures

    Rising temperatures are shortening crop cycles, forcing farmers to harvest crops earlier than usual. In North India, for instance, mustard was harvested as early as February 2023, a significant shift from the traditional harvest time of March or April. This change impacts crop yields and overall productivity.

    3. Shifting to Higher Altitudes

    In regions like Himachal Pradesh, increasing winter temperatures are affecting the farming environment. As a result, apple growers are moving their orchards to higher altitudes or adopting mixed farming by intercropping vegetables and fruits in lower-altitude areas to adapt to changing climatic conditions.

    4. Transition to Aquaculture in Coastal Areas

    In coastal regions like South Gujarat, saltwater intrusion due to rising sea levels has made traditional agriculture unsustainable. As a result, many farmers are transitioning to aquaculture, adjusting their practices to the changing ecosystem.

    5. Adopting Less Water-Intensive Crops

    Changes in precipitation and increasing evaporation are leading to water scarcity, particularly in drought-prone areas. Farmers in Maharashtra, for example, have shifted from water-intensive crops like grapes to more drought-tolerant crops like pomegranates.

    6. Adopting New Techniques

    To cope with extreme weather events, many farmers are incorporating new technologies, such as storm-resistant greenhouses, which provide a protective environment for crops against harsh weather.

    Conclusion

    The impacts of climate change on cropping patterns in India are profound, but adaptation strategies like those promoted by government initiatives, such as the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), are crucial to making Indian agriculture more resilient.

    See less
Aditya Sharma
  • 0
Aditya SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze how the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops, such as Bt cotton, has affected cropping patterns and yields in various parts of India. You should also talk about the current policy discussions and controversies surrounding the usage of GM ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Impact of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops on Indian Agriculture 1. Overview of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India Adoption of GM Crops Bt Cotton: The most widely adopted GM crop in India is Bt cotton, which has been genetically modified to resist bollworm pests. Bt cotton was introduced in IndRead more

    Impact of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops on Indian Agriculture

    1. Overview of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India

    Adoption of GM Crops

    • Bt Cotton: The most widely adopted GM crop in India is Bt cotton, which has been genetically modified to resist bollworm pests. Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002 and has since become the dominant cotton variety.
    • Recent Example: As of 2024, Bt cotton occupies over 95% of the cotton-growing area in India, reflecting its widespread adoption and influence on cotton farming.

    2. Impact on Cropping Patterns and Yields

    Increased Cotton Yields

    • Yield Improvement: The introduction of Bt cotton has significantly increased cotton yields due to its pest resistance. Farmers have reported higher production and improved income from cotton cultivation.
    • Recent Example: In Maharashtra and Gujarat, regions where Bt cotton is predominantly grown, cotton yields increased by 25-30% compared to traditional varieties, as noted in the 2023 Agricultural Statistics Report.

    Shift in Cropping Patterns

    • Land Use Changes: The success of Bt cotton has led to shifts in cropping patterns, with more land being dedicated to cotton cultivation as it offers better returns compared to traditional crops.
    • Recent Example: In Telangana, the area under cotton cultivation increased by 20% between 2021 and 2023, partly due to the high profitability of Bt cotton.

    Reduction in Pesticide Use

    • Pesticide Savings: Bt cotton has led to a reduction in the use of chemical pesticides, reducing costs for farmers and minimizing environmental impact.
    • Recent Example: A study by ICAR in 2023 reported a 40% reduction in pesticide use in Bt cotton fields compared to non-Bt fields.

    3. Ongoing Debates and Policy Considerations

    Environmental and Health Concerns

    • Biodiversity Impact: Critics argue that GM crops, including Bt cotton, can affect biodiversity by reducing non-target insect populations and potentially leading to resistance in pests.
    • Health Concerns: There are ongoing debates about the potential long-term health impacts of consuming GM crops, though extensive studies have so far not conclusively demonstrated adverse health effects.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 report by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) highlighted concerns about potential environmental impacts and recommended stricter monitoring and evaluation protocols.

    Resistance Issues

    • Pest Resistance: Over time, pests may develop resistance to Bt toxins, leading to decreased effectiveness of Bt cotton and increased pest problems.
    • Recent Example: Reports from Punjab in 2023 indicated the emergence of resistance in certain bollworm populations, necessitating the development of new strategies to manage pest resistance.

    Regulatory and Policy Framework

    Approval and Regulation

    • Current Policies: GM crop adoption in India is regulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the GEAC. The approval process involves rigorous testing for safety and environmental impact.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 approval of GM mustard by the GEAC marked a significant policy shift, potentially paving the way for more GM crops in Indian agriculture.

    Policy Debates

    • Pro-GM Arguments: Supporters argue that GM crops like Bt cotton can enhance productivity, reduce pesticide use, and improve farmers’ incomes.
    • Anti-GM Arguments: Opponents raise concerns about environmental sustainability, health risks, and the socio-economic impact on smallholder farmers.
    • Recent Example: The 2023 Supreme Court ruling called for a review of GM crop regulations, highlighting the need for balanced policy considerations that address both benefits and risks.

    4. Future Directions and Recommendations

    Enhanced Research and Development

    • Investment in R&D: Continued investment in research to develop new GM varieties with improved traits, such as resistance to multiple pests and diseases, is crucial.
    • Recommendation: Strengthening public and private sector collaboration to accelerate the development of GM crops that address emerging challenges.

    Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

    • Holistic Approach: Combining GM crops with other pest management strategies to address resistance issues and reduce reliance on any single technology.
    • Recommendation: Implementing IPM practices alongside GM crops to ensure sustainable pest control and reduce the risk of resistance.

    Strengthening Regulatory Framework

    • Regulation and Oversight: Ensuring robust regulatory mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the long-term impacts of GM crops on health and the environment.
    • Recommendation: Enhancing transparency and public engagement in the regulatory process to build trust and address concerns about GM technology.

    5. Conclusion

    The adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops, particularly Bt cotton, has had a significant impact on Indian agriculture by increasing yields, reducing pesticide use, and shifting cropping patterns. However, the technology has also sparked debates over environmental, health, and resistance issues. The government’s regulatory framework, alongside ongoing research and policy discussions, aims to balance the benefits of GM crops with potential risks. Future strategies should focus on enhancing research, integrating pest management practices, and strengthening regulatory oversight to ensure the sustainable development of GM technology in Indian agriculture.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Integrated Farming System (IFS). Explain the main goal of IFS: resource optimization, sustainability, and year-round employment. 2. Definition of Integrated Farming System Describe IFS as a combination of various farming practices, including: Crop production Animal husbandry Forestry Mention the principle of waste ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an agricultural approach that combines various farming practices, such as crop production, animal husbandry, and forestry, to create a balanced and sustainable ecosystem. The primary goal of IFS is to optimize resource use, minimize externRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an agricultural approach that combines various farming practices, such as crop production, animal husbandry, and forestry, to create a balanced and sustainable ecosystem. The primary goal of IFS is to optimize resource use, minimize external inputs, and enhance overall productivity and profitability while providing year-round employment opportunities.

    Benefits of Integrated Farming System for Small and Marginal Farmers in India

    According to the Agricultural Census 2015, 86% of Indian farmers are classified as small and marginal farmers. IFS offers several advantages to these farmers:

    1. Reduced Use of Fertilizers: IFS promotes the recycling of nutrients and minimizes the reliance on chemical fertilizers. This not only lowers input costs but also decreases the chemical residues in food and soil, which is particularly beneficial for small and marginal farmers who may not afford chemical inputs.
    2. Reduced Wastage and Financial Burden: By utilizing waste from one farming process as input for another, IFS significantly reduces wastage and lowers overall input costs. This alleviates the financial burden on small and marginal farmers.
    3. Economic Activity: IFS enables multiple farming activities on the same piece of land, ensuring continuous employment throughout the year. This consistent flow of income supports the farming community economically.
    4. Nutritional Security: The diverse produce from IFS, including cereals, poultry, fish, and fruits, helps combat malnutrition caused by reliance on single-crop diets.
    5. Financial Security: Given the dependence of many small and marginal farmers on monsoon rains for irrigation, IFS mitigates risks by providing alternative income sources through animal husbandry and horticulture, thus enhancing financial stability.

    Conclusion

    While IFS offers numerous benefits, such as resource optimization and income diversification, challenges like lack of finance and resistance to new methods persist. To achieve the goal of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices, India must adopt a well-designed Integrated Farming System.

    See less
Kumudini Lakhia
  • 0
Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of cropping patterns in India, highlighting the shift towards water-intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane. Define “water-intensive cropping patterns” and explain their implications for water resources. 2. Reasons Behind the Uneven Shift Towards Water-Intensive ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Price Support Mechanisms: The government’s price support mechanisms, such as Minimum Support Price (MSP), predominantly favor water-intensive crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Despite MSP being announced for 23 crops, effective support is primarily provided for these three, drivingRead more

    Model Answer

    Price Support Mechanisms: The government’s price support mechanisms, such as Minimum Support Price (MSP), predominantly favor water-intensive crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Despite MSP being announced for 23 crops, effective support is primarily provided for these three, driving their extensive cultivation. This policy has led to an overemphasis on water-intensive crops.

    Increasing Demand: The demand for crops like sugar has increased due to their link with ethanol production, co-generated electricity, and by-products like bio-CNG and molasses. In regions like Karnataka and Maharashtra, the area under sugarcane cultivation has nearly doubled in the last 6-7 years, further contributing to water-intensive cropping.

    Input Subsidies and Irrigation Infrastructure: Subsidies on water, electricity, and fertilizers, combined with enhanced irrigation infrastructure, incentivize farmers to grow water-intensive crops. States like Punjab rely heavily on irrigation for crops like paddy, whereas states with sufficient rainfall like Assam and Bihar lack similar incentives.

    Impact of the Green Revolution: The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and wheat, which, although more productive, require large amounts of water. This has cemented the dominance of these crops in India.

    Measures for Promoting Sustainable Water-Efficient Cropping Patterns

    Promotion of Diversified Agriculture: The government can incentivize the cultivation of less water-intensive, drought-resistant crops like millets and pulses by offering enhanced MSP and support schemes. This would help reduce the over-reliance on water-guzzling crops.

    Innovation and Technology: Implementing advanced water management technologies, such as drip irrigation, can optimize water usage. Maharashtra’s mandate for drip irrigation in sugarcane cultivation is a notable example of saving water while maintaining productivity.

    Educational Programs and Community Engagement: Workshops and extension services should be organized to educate farmers on the benefits of crop diversification and sustainable water practices.

    Infrastructure Development: Investing in infrastructure for storage, processing, and marketing of less water-intensive crops like fruits and vegetables is essential. Establishing cold storage and processing units can provide economic incentives for farmers to shift to these crops.

    Enhanced Research and Development: Focused research on developing water-efficient crop varieties suited to local climates can help reduce dependency on traditional, water-intensive crops.

    By implementing these measures, India can achieve a more sustainable water-use cropping pattern, crucial for long-term agricultural and environmental sustainability.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the significance of rice and wheat in India’s agriculture. State the issue of declining yields in North-west India. 2. Major Reasons for Declining Yield A. Declining Soil Productivity Explain continuous cropping leading to soil fatigue. Fact: Soil organic carbon ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India’s agrarian landscape, underpinned by staple crops like rice and wheat, is witnessing a paradigm shift. Despite the country being the second-largest producer of wheat and rice globally, regions, notably North-west India, have observed declining yields. Major Reasons foRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India’s agrarian landscape, underpinned by staple crops like rice and wheat, is witnessing a paradigm shift. Despite the country being the second-largest producer of wheat and rice globally, regions, notably North-west India, have observed declining yields.

    Major Reasons for the Declining Yield

    1. Declining Soil Productivity:
      Continuous cropping has led to soil fatigue, loss of essential minerals, and an increase in salinity. For example, Punjab, the ‘Granary of India’, has seen a drop in soil fertility due to over-cultivation and absence of fallow periods. Studies indicate that in some regions of Punjab, soil organic carbon levels have decreased by about 15-20% over the last two decades.
    2. Impact of Climatic Changes:
      Global warming and erratic monsoons have jeopardized the predictable climate essential for these crops. For instance, wheat production in Haryana faced a setback in 2020 when untimely rains coupled with increased temperatures affected the crop’s maturity. A study by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute found that for every 1°C increase in temperature, wheat yields could decrease by 4-5%.
    3. Unscientific Agricultural Practices:
      Over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improper irrigation techniques have compromised soil health. For example, excessive irrigation in rice fields of Andhra Pradesh led to a condition called ‘alkaline soils’, which are less productive. India uses 2.2 times more fertilizer than the global average per hectare of arable land, as per the World Bank.

    Crop Diversification as a Solution

    1. Nutrient Management and Soil Health:
      Different crops extract varied nutrients from the soil. Rotating crops ensures balanced nutrient extraction and replenishment. For example, introducing pulses post a paddy harvest can help fix atmospheric nitrogen, replenishing the soil’s nitrogen content. According to FAO, crop rotation can increase soil nutrient content by up to 25%.
    2. Conservation of Water Resources:
      Diversifying into less water-intensive crops can reduce stress on water tables. For instance, transitioning to millets in semi-arid regions can reduce water usage by up to 60% compared to paddy.
    3. Enhanced Pest and Disease Management:
      Crop diversification can disrupt the life cycles of pests and diseases specific to a particular crop. For example, introducing mustard in a wheat-paddy rotation can deter pests common to both wheat and rice. Studies indicate that diversifying crops can reduce pest-related losses by up to 40%.

    Conclusion

    India’s agricultural resilience hinges on its adaptability. While rice and wheat are staples, the declining yields necessitate a re-examination of our agricultural practices. Crop diversification emerges as a holistic solution, addressing soil health, water conservation, and pest management. Embracing these shifts can ensure sustained yields, ecological balance, and food security for the nation.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly define the rice-wheat cropping system. Mention its prevalence in India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plains. 2. Major Factors Responsible for Success Green Revolution: Introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and technology. Source: National Agricultural Research System. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: Government procurement ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly inRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, and West Bengal.

    Major Factors for Success

    1. Green Revolution: The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and advanced agricultural technologies significantly boosted food grain production, particularly rice and wheat. Enhanced irrigation facilities and machinery further increased productivity and cropping area.
    2. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: The government’s procurement of rice and wheat at MSP has insulated farmers from market risks, encouraging a shift towards these crops.
    3. Food Preferences: Rice and wheat are staple foods in India, leading subsistence farmers to cultivate these crops for personal consumption.
    4. Favorable Agro-climatic Conditions: The warm, humid climate and fertile soils in the rice-wheat belt support high yields, making it an ideal region for this cropping system.
    5. Allied Activities: The system also supports livestock farming through the provision of green fodder, enhancing overall agricultural productivity.

    Bane of the Rice-Wheat System

    Despite its success, the rice-wheat system has led to several ecological and economic issues:

    • Groundwater Depletion: The reliance on groundwater for irrigation, exacerbated by free power policies, has led to severe depletion, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, which are now over-exploited zones.
    • Environmental Pollution: Crop residue burning in states like Punjab and Haryana contributes to significant air pollution, while excessive use of fertilizers has resulted in soil degradation and water contamination.
    • Loss of Biodiversity: The focus on hybrid seeds and monoculture practices has diminished biodiversity, making crops more susceptible to pests and diseases.
    • Economic Challenges: Rising labor costs and exposure to global markets have reduced farmers’ incomes, with productivity levels in India lagging behind international standards, such as those in China.
    • Lack of Innovation: The long-standing MSP system has stifled farmers’ entrepreneurial skills and innovation, leading to unsustainable agricultural practices.

    Conclusion

    To address these challenges, India must adopt innovative agricultural strategies, diversify cropping patterns, and enhance market access for farmers. An Ever-Green Revolution is essential for sustainable agricultural growth and the future of rural youth.

    See less
Rohit Valiyan
  • 0
Rohit ValiyanLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Describe the variations between a cropping system and a cropping pattern. Discuss the various farming systems that are used in India as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Akriti Pandey
    Akriti Pandey Enthusiast
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Cropping Pattern: Explain what cropping pattern is and its significance in agriculture. Context: Briefly introduce how changes in consumption patterns and marketing conditions have influenced cropping patterns in India. 2. Changes in Cropping Pattern in India A. ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The cropping pattern in India, which refers to the types and sequences of crops produced in a given area, has evolved due to various factors, especially changes in consumption patterns and marketing conditions. Traditionally influenced by climate and soil, these recent shifRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The cropping pattern in India, which refers to the types and sequences of crops produced in a given area, has evolved due to various factors, especially changes in consumption patterns and marketing conditions. Traditionally influenced by climate and soil, these recent shifts highlight the dynamic nature of Indian agriculture.

    Changes in Cropping Pattern

    From Food Crops to Cash Crops

    Initially, the Green Revolution focused on food grains like wheat and rice. However, states like Maharashtra and Punjab are now increasingly cultivating cash crops such as sugarcane and cotton, driven by market demand.

    Introduction of GM Crops

    Genetically modified crops like Bt Cotton have transformed cotton farming in Gujarat and Maharashtra, offering higher yields and pest resistance.

    Organic Farming

    Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic state, catering to the rising consumer demand for organic produce perceived as healthier and more sustainable.

    Multi-Cropping and Crop Rotation

    Farmers in Punjab and Haryana are adopting multi-cropping and crop rotation techniques, such as alternating wheat, rice, and mustard, to enhance soil fertility and maximize yield.

    Horticulture and Specialty Crops

    States like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir are seeing increased fruit cultivation (e.g., apples and cherries) due to growing domestic and export markets.

    Revival of Traditional Crops

    Nutrient-dense millets like ragi and jowar are experiencing a resurgence in states like Karnataka, supported by government initiatives promoting these traditional grains for their health benefits.

    Influence of Changes in Consumption Patterns

    Health Awareness

    With a growing focus on health, crops like quinoa and chia seeds are being cultivated in regions such as Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh to meet consumer demand for nutritious foods.

    Fast Food Culture

    The rise of fast-food chains has increased potato cultivation in states like Uttar Pradesh for fries and other processed foods.

    High Protein Demand

    The fitness trend has led to increased cultivation of fodder crops like alfalfa in Haryana and Rajasthan to support livestock production.

    Global Cuisine and Beverage Industry

    The influence of international food trends has prompted the cultivation of herbs like basil in Kerala, while the demand for tea and coffee has boosted production in Assam and Karnataka.

    Influence of Marketing Conditions

    E-commerce and Globalization

    Platforms like Big Basket are facilitating direct sales of organic products, while globalization has opened export markets for crops like grapes from Maharashtra.

    Retail Chains and Contract Farming

    National retail chains are encouraging farmers in Punjab and Haryana to grow high-demand vegetables like bell peppers through assured procurement agreements.

    Improved Logistics

    Enhanced supply chain infrastructure has made it feasible to cultivate perishable crops, leading to increased strawberry and apple farming in Himachal Pradesh.

    Market Information

    Real-time market data apps are empowering farmers to adapt their cropping choices based on demand fluctuations, as seen with mustard cultivation in Rajasthan.

    Conclusion

    The evolving cropping patterns in India reflect a complex interplay of consumption trends and marketing dynamics. Leveraging technology, improving financial systems, and enhancing agricultural education will enable farmers to adapt to changing demands and maximize their benefits in the market.

    See less
Load More Questions

Resources & Suggestions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Articles

On: April 18, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (18 April 2025)

Do you agree with the claim that indecision and risk aversion are prevalent issues in Indian bureaucracy? Support your answer with logical reasoning. (150 words) ऐसा कहा जाता है कि भारतीय नौकरशाही में अनिर्णय और जोखिम से बचने की प्रवृत्ति ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

Strengthening India’s Cyber Defence

Rising Threats Digital Era Challenges: 2024 marks a significant rise in digital threats, particularly from AI and cyberattacks. Key Issues: Disinformation campaigns. Cyber fraud affecting daily life. Current Major Cyber Threats Ransomware Rampage: Over 48,000 instances of WannaCry ransomware detected ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

भारत की साइबर सुरक्षा

बढ़ते खतरे कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (AI) और साइबर हमले: 2024 में AI और साइबर हमलों के खतरे में वृद्धि। महत्वपूर्ण अवसंरचना पर हमले: डिजिटल हमलों और दुष्प्रचार अभियानों की संभावना बढ़ी है। प्रमुख साइबर खतरें रैनसमवेयर का प्रकोप: 48,000 से अधिक ...

Explore Our Blog