Sign Up

Have an account?

Sign In

Don't have account,

Forgot Password

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.


Have an account?

Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask a question.

Need An Account,

Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.

Search
Ask A Question
Home/upsc: climate change

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Irfan Ahamad
  • 1
Irfan AhamadBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
  • 1

List the steps made to improve India’s resilience against coastal vulnerability and emphasize the importance of the Coastal Vulnerability Index. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: climate change
  1. Aman Garg
    Aman Garg Begginer

    To improve India's resilience against coastal vulnerability, the following steps have been taken: 1. Development of Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI): A tool to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas to erosion, flooding, and saltwater intrusion. 2. Coastal Zone Management Plans: Prepared to reguRead more

    To improve India’s resilience against coastal vulnerability, the following steps have been taken:

    1. Development of Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI): A tool to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas to erosion, flooding, and saltwater intrusion.

    2. Coastal Zone Management Plans: Prepared to regulate human activities and infrastructure development in coastal areas.

    3. Beach Nourishment and Coastal Protection Measures: Implemented to reduce erosion and damage from storms and sea-level rise.

    4. Mangrove Afforestation and Conservation: Efforts to restore and protect mangrove forests, which act as natural barriers against storms and erosion.

    5. Early Warning Systems and Disaster Preparedness: Established to alert communities of impending threats and enhance evacuation and response capabilities.

    6. Infrastructure Development and Upgradation: Improved coastal infrastructure, including seawalls, groynes, and jetties, to enhance resilience.

    7. Research and Monitoring: Continuous research and monitoring of coastal dynamics and vulnerability to inform policy and decision-making.

    The Coastal Vulnerability Index is crucial as it:

    – Identifies high-risk areas, enabling targeted interventions.
    – Informs policy and decision-making.
    – Enhances preparedness and response capabilities.
    – Supports sustainable coastal development and management.

    By prioritizing coastal resilience, India can reduce the impact of natural hazards, protect ecosystems, and ensure the well-being of coastal communities.
    Hope this will help you ✨.

    See less
Jinny
  • 1
JinnyBegginer
Asked: July 9, 2024In:
  • 1

How will the extreme changes in the weather and environment affect the businesses and supply chain? Will it put an create any type of damage on infrastructure and how?

upsc: climate change
  1. Vinay Rajan
    Vinay Rajan Begginer

    Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the global economy, both directly and indirectly. Here are some of the ways in which climate change is likely to affect the economy: Loss of Productivity: Rising temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and changing precipitation pRead more

    Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the global economy, both directly and indirectly. Here are some of the ways in which climate change is likely to affect the economy:

    1. Loss of Productivity: Rising temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and changing precipitation patterns can reduce crop yields, lower labor productivity, and disrupt supply chains, leading to losses in economic output.
    2. Damage to Infrastructure: Climate-related disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, can damage or destroy infrastructure, including roads, bridges, buildings, and power plants, resulting in significant economic losses.
    3. Increased Costs: Climate change is expected to increase costs associated with healthcare, emergency response, and insurance claims due to more frequent natural disasters and heat-related illnesses.
    4. Changes in Consumer Behavior: Climate change may lead to changes in consumer behavior, such as reduced consumption of certain products or services due to increased prices or availability, which can impact businesses and industries.
    5. Opportunities for New Industries: On the other hand, climate change may also create opportunities for new industries and businesses focused on renewable energy, sustainable technologies, and climate resilience.
    6. Labor Market Impacts: Climate change may lead to changes in the labor market, including shifts in job demand and supply, as well as potential increases in migration due to climate-related displacement.
    7. Investment and Financing: Climate change may impact investment and financing patterns, as investors increasingly consider the risks and opportunities associated with climate change when making decisions.
    8. Governance and Policy: Climate change will likely require significant governance and policy changes at local, national, and international levels to address its impacts on the economy and society.

    Some of the specific sectors that may be particularly affected by climate change include:

    1. Agriculture: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can impact crop yields, food security, and agricultural productivity.
    2. Energy: Shifts in energy demand and supply due to climate change may impact the energy sector’s infrastructure, investment patterns, and job market.
    3. Infrastructure: Climate-related disasters can damage or destroy infrastructure, leading to significant economic losses.
    4. Healthcare: Heat-related illnesses and increased disease transmission due to climate change may put pressure on healthcare systems.
    5. Tourism: Changes in weather patterns and extreme events can impact tourism industries and economies that rely heavily on tourism.
    6. Manufacturing: Climate change may affect supply chains, raw material availability, and production processes in manufacturing industries.

    To mitigate the impacts of climate change on the economy, it is essential to:

    1. Transition to a low-carbon economy: Shift towards renewable energy sources, increase energy efficiency, and promote sustainable infrastructure development.
    2. Implement climate-resilient infrastructure: Invest in infrastructure that can withstand the impacts of climate change.
    3. Promote sustainable agriculture practices: Encourage farmers to adopt climate-resilient agriculture practices that reduce emissions and increase food security.
    4. Develop early warning systems: Establish early warning systems for extreme weather events to minimize damage and losses.
    5. Support climate education and awareness: Educate consumers about climate change impacts on the economy and promote behavior changes.

    By taking proactive steps to address climate change, we can reduce its negative impacts on the economy and create a more resilient and sustainable future for all.

    See less
Sunita Soni
  • 1
Sunita SoniBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

What effects is the Indian subcontinent seeing from climate change? What actions has India made in this respect?

upsc: climate change
  1. Neeru Kumari
    Neeru Kumari Begginer

    The regional effects of climate change are influenced not only by an increase in greenhouse gases but also by air pollution, land-use pattern, and local climatic events. The Indian subcontinent,between Himalayas and Indian Ocean, is subject to higher climate variability compared to continental climaRead more

    The regional effects of climate change are influenced not only by an increase in greenhouse gases but also by air pollution, land-use pattern, and local climatic events. The Indian subcontinent,between Himalayas and Indian Ocean, is subject to higher climate variability compared to continental climates of North America and Europe, owing to physiography, climate, and population.

    Impact of climate change on the Indian subcontinent region

    • Temperature: Average temperature over the Indian region has risen by 0.7°C during 1901- 2018 which has led to increased frequency of heat waves, such as in Bihar and Telangana. The region of Hindukush Himalayas (HKH) underwent rapid warming at a rate of 0.2°C per decade during the last 6-7 decades, leading to significant decline in snowfall and glacial areas.
    • Sea-level rise in the North Indian Ocean (NIO): Thermal expansion due to rising sea surface temperature (SST) has led to sea-level rise in the NIO at a rate of 3.3 mm per year during 1993- 2017. The New Moore island near Sundarbans got submerged due to rise in sea level.
    • Rainfall: The frequency of localized heavy rainfall has increased by 75% from 1950-2015. The changing rainfall patterns is argued to be leading to changes in monsoon onset and retreat dates, resulting in lengthening of the monsoon season.
    • Extreme weather events:
      • Floods: Increased frequency of localized, short-duration intense rainfall events have caused more flooding incidents. Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra basins are particularly at risk of intense flooding.
      • Droughts: Overall decrease in summer monsoon rainfall in the last 6-7 decades have led to an increased frequency and spatial extent of droughts.
      • Tropical Cyclonic Storms: Reduction in tropical cyclones while increased frequency of very severe cyclonic storms (VSCSS) over NIO region in the post-monsoon season has been observed during 1951-2018.

    Steps taken by India towards combating and adapting to climate change

    • Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs): India INDCs to be achieved by 2030, under the Paris Agreement, include:
      • Reduce the emissions intensity of the GDP by about a third.
      • Generate 40% of the installed capacity for electricity from non-fossil fuel sources.
      • Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover.
    • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): It was launched in 2008 and includes 8 national missions, which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change.
    • Climate Change Action Program (CCAP): It was launched for strengthening capacity for climate change assessment, establishing institutional framework, and implementing climate actions at central and state levels.
    • National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change: It was established in 2015 to meet the cost of adaptation to climate change for the State and Union Territories of India that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
    • Satellite technology: India is also coordinating with other countries such as France to use satellite technology like Megha-Tropiques (to understand water cycle and energy exchanges in tropics) and Oceansat3-Argos mission.

    Further, the government has also undertaken measures like National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020, issuing Green bonds, adoption of BS-VI norms. Energy Conservation Building Code, National Biofuel Policy, Renewable Purchase Obligation, among others.

    See less
Chetan Gupta
  • 0
Chetan GuptaBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze critically the trade-offs and synergies between India’s energy sector adaptation and mitigation plans for climate change.

upsc: climate change
  1. Meena Mehara
    Meena Mehara Learner

    Synergies and Trade-offs Between India's Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in the Energy Sector 1. Introduction India's approach to addressing climate change involves a dual focus on mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (adjusting to the impacts of climateRead more

    Synergies and Trade-offs Between India’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in the Energy Sector

    1. Introduction

    India’s approach to addressing climate change involves a dual focus on mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (adjusting to the impacts of climate change). The energy sector, a significant source of emissions and a key area for adaptation, provides both opportunities and challenges in aligning these strategies.

    2. Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation

    a. Renewable Energy Expansion

    • Mitigation: Increasing the share of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, thus lowering carbon emissions.
    • Recent Example: India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) is a significant step in this direction. The Kutch Solar Park in Gujarat, one of the largest in the world, exemplifies efforts to scale up renewable energy.
    • Adaptation: Renewable energy infrastructure can enhance energy security and resilience against climate-induced disruptions. For example, decentralized solar power systems can provide electricity in remote areas vulnerable to climate impacts.

    b. Energy Efficiency Improvements

    • Mitigation: Enhancing energy efficiency in industrial processes, buildings, and transportation reduces energy consumption and emissions.
    • Recent Example: The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme and the Standards & Labeling Program under the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) are key initiatives promoting energy efficiency.
    • Adaptation: Energy-efficient technologies often contribute to better resilience by lowering energy costs and reducing the impact of extreme weather events on energy supply systems.

    c. Grid Resilience and Modernization

    • Mitigation: Upgrading grid infrastructure to accommodate renewable energy sources supports emission reduction by integrating cleaner power into the energy mix.
    • Recent Example: The Smart Grid Mission aims to enhance the resilience and efficiency of India’s power grid.
    • Adaptation: A modernized grid can better withstand and recover from climate-induced disruptions, such as extreme weather events that affect power supply.

    3. Trade-offs Between Mitigation and Adaptation

    a. Transition Costs and Economic Implications

    • Mitigation: The shift to renewable energy sources involves significant upfront investment and can have economic implications for industries reliant on fossil fuels.
    • Recent Example: The closure of coal-fired power plants, as part of efforts to reduce emissions, may affect jobs and local economies dependent on coal mining.
    • Adaptation: While investing in renewable energy enhances resilience, the transition can be costly for vulnerable communities and regions that rely on conventional energy sources for their livelihoods.

    b. Land Use and Resource Conflicts

    • Mitigation: Large-scale renewable energy projects, such as solar parks and wind farms, require substantial land use.
    • Recent Example: The Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan occupies over 14,000 hectares of land, which may affect local land use and biodiversity.
    • Adaptation: Balancing land use between renewable energy projects and other needs, such as agriculture and conservation, can be challenging, especially in densely populated or ecologically sensitive areas.

    c. Technological and Infrastructure Limitations

    • Mitigation: Advanced technologies for energy storage and grid integration are essential for maximizing the benefits of renewable energy. However, these technologies may not be uniformly available or affordable.
    • Recent Example: The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) promotes electric vehicles to reduce emissions but faces challenges in terms of charging infrastructure and battery disposal.
    • Adaptation: Developing and implementing these technologies involves significant resources and infrastructure development, which can strain existing capacities and divert resources from other adaptation needs.

    d. Socio-Political Challenges

    • Mitigation: Policies aimed at reducing emissions can face resistance from industries and regions heavily dependent on fossil fuels.
    • Recent Example: The proposed carbon tax faced opposition from industries and political groups concerned about its impact on economic growth.
    • Adaptation: Addressing the socio-political challenges of transitioning to a low-carbon economy while ensuring that adaptation measures meet local needs requires careful planning and stakeholder engagement.

    4. Policy and Strategic Recommendations

    a. Integrated Planning

    • Coordinated Approach: Develop integrated strategies that simultaneously address mitigation and adaptation objectives, balancing trade-offs and maximizing synergies.
    • Recent Example: The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) includes both mitigation and adaptation missions, promoting a holistic approach to climate action.

    b. Support for Affected Communities

    • Equitable Transition: Provide support and compensation for communities and industries affected by the transition to renewable energy.
    • Recent Example: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) can be leveraged to provide alternative livelihoods and skills training for workers displaced by the closure of coal plants.

    c. Technological Innovation and Infrastructure Development

    • Invest in R&D: Support research and development in technologies that facilitate both mitigation and adaptation, such as energy storage and climate-resilient infrastructure.
    • Recent Example: The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) encourages innovation and technological solutions in various sectors, including energy.

    d. Stakeholder Engagement and Policy Support

    • Inclusive Policy-Making: Engage stakeholders, including local communities, industry representatives, and environmental groups, in the policy-making process to ensure balanced and effective strategies.
    • Recent Example: The Climate Action Network provides a platform for diverse stakeholders to collaborate on climate policies and actions.

    5. Conclusion

    India’s climate change strategies in the energy sector present both opportunities and challenges in balancing mitigation and adaptation goals. While there are significant synergies, such as through renewable energy expansion and energy efficiency improvements, there are also notable trade-offs, including economic costs and land use conflicts. Addressing these challenges requires integrated planning, support for affected communities, technological innovation, and inclusive policy-making. By navigating these complexities effectively, India can enhance both its climate resilience and its contribution to global emission reduction efforts.

    See less
Bhavesh Desai
  • 0
Bhavesh DesaiBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze the effectiveness of carbon pricing schemes in India as a means of encouraging the development of low-carbon infrastructure.

upsc: climate change
  1. Leela Jain
    Leela Jain Begginer

    Evaluating the Efficacy of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms in India Carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, aim to incentivize low-carbon development by putting a price on carbon emissions. In India, these mechanisms have been implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissioRead more

    Evaluating the Efficacy of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms in India

    Carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, aim to incentivize low-carbon development by putting a price on carbon emissions. In India, these mechanisms have been implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage sustainable development. Here’s an evaluation of their efficacy:

    1. Overview of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms in India
    Types of Mechanisms:

    Carbon Tax: Imposed on the carbon content of fuels, aiming to internalize the external cost of carbon emissions.
    Cap-and-Trade System: A market-based approach where companies are given a cap on emissions and can trade emission permits.
    Recent Example:

    As of 2023, India has primarily focused on implementing carbon pricing through the tax on coal, known as the Clean Energy Cess, which is levied on coal production and used to fund clean energy projects.
    2. Achievements and Impact
    Positive Outcomes:

    Revenue Generation: The Clean Energy Cess has generated substantial revenue, which has been used to fund renewable energy projects and energy efficiency programs. For instance, in 2023, funds from this cess were allocated to the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF), supporting solar and wind energy initiatives.
    Encouraging Renewable Energy: The revenue from carbon pricing has contributed to India’s ambitious renewable energy targets. The increased investment in solar and wind projects reflects a positive impact of the carbon pricing mechanism.
    Recent Example:

    The revenue from the Clean Energy Cess was instrumental in financing the expansion of solar parks and wind farms, contributing to India’s goal of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
    3. Challenges and Limitations
    Implementation Issues:

    Limited Scope: The current carbon pricing mechanism, primarily the Clean Energy Cess, is limited in scope and does not cover all carbon-emitting sectors comprehensively. It mainly affects the coal sector and does not address emissions from other industries like transportation or manufacturing.
    Economic Burden: There are concerns about the economic impact of carbon pricing on industries, particularly those heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may struggle with increased costs, which could impact their competitiveness.
    Recent Example:

    In 2023, the Clean Energy Cess faced criticism from industry groups who argued that it disproportionately affected coal-dependent sectors without offering sufficient support for transition strategies.
    4. Integration with Broader Climate Policies
    Policy Alignment:

    Complementary Measures: Carbon pricing mechanisms are integrated with other climate policies, such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change and various state-level initiatives. However, their effectiveness is enhanced when combined with complementary policies and incentives.
    Policy Coherence: Aligning carbon pricing with broader economic and environmental policies can amplify its impact. For instance, integrating carbon pricing with subsidies for green technologies and energy efficiency can create a more comprehensive approach.
    Recent Example:

    The 2024 updates to the National Clean Energy Fund included provisions for aligning carbon pricing with broader climate and economic policies, aiming to support a smoother transition to low-carbon technologies.
    5. Public and Industry Response
    Acceptance and Adaptation:

    Industry Adaptation: Industries are gradually adapting to carbon pricing mechanisms by investing in cleaner technologies and improving energy efficiency. The introduction of carbon pricing has spurred some companies to innovate and reduce their carbon footprint.
    Public Perception: There is mixed public perception regarding carbon pricing. While it is seen as a necessary measure for climate action, there are concerns about its impact on energy prices and economic growth.
    Recent Example:

    In 2023, several major corporations publicly committed to reducing their carbon footprint in response to the Clean Energy Cess, reflecting a growing acceptance of carbon pricing as a tool for environmental sustainability.
    6. Future Directions and Recommendations
    Enhancing Effectiveness:

    Expanding Coverage: To improve efficacy, India could consider expanding the scope of carbon pricing to cover more sectors, including transportation and industrial processes. A comprehensive cap-and-trade system could also be explored.
    Support Mechanisms: Implement support mechanisms for industries affected by carbon pricing, such as subsidies for clean technologies and transition support for vulnerable sectors.
    International Coordination: Collaborate with international carbon markets and frameworks to enhance the effectiveness of India’s carbon pricing mechanisms and ensure alignment with global climate goals.
    Recent Example:

    The 2024 policy discussions included proposals for expanding carbon pricing mechanisms to include additional sectors and enhance coordination with international climate frameworks, indicating a forward-looking approach to improving efficacy.
    In summary, while carbon pricing mechanisms in India, such as the Clean Energy Cess, have contributed to generating revenue for renewable energy projects and encouraging low-carbon development, there are challenges related to scope, economic impact, and industry adaptation. Expanding coverage, enhancing support mechanisms, and aligning with broader climate policies could further improve the effectiveness of these mechanisms in driving India’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction: Introduce the IPCC and its role in climate change assessment. Briefly mention the projected global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. Reasons Behind the Predicted Sea Level Rise: Increased Carbon Emissions: Explain how industrial activities contribute ...

upsc: climate change
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global sea level rise of approximately one metre by the year 2100, primarily due to climate change and its associated effects. This rise poses significant threats to coastal regions, particularly in IndiaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global sea level rise of approximately one metre by the year 2100, primarily due to climate change and its associated effects. This rise poses significant threats to coastal regions, particularly in India and other countries in the Indian Ocean region.

    Reasons Behind the Predicted Sea Level Rise

    1. Increased Carbon Emissions: Industrial activities, especially in countries like China and the USA, contribute to rising CO2 levels, accelerating global warming and ice melt.
    2. Melting Polar Ice: Rapid ice melt in the Arctic and Antarctic, such as the break-off of the Larsen C ice shelf, contributes directly to rising sea levels.
    3. Thermal Expansion: Warmer ocean temperatures cause water to expand, accounting for 40-50% of observed sea-level rise since 1900.
    4. Glacial Retreat: Glaciers worldwide, including the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas, are shrinking, affecting freshwater supply and contributing to sea-level rise.
    5. Land Subsidence: Over-extraction of groundwater in cities like Jakarta leads to land sinking, exacerbating the effects of rising sea levels.

    Impact on India

    1. Coastal Erosion: Cities like Mumbai and Chennai are experiencing increased coastal erosion, threatening tourism and local ecosystems.
    2. Agricultural Loss: The Sundarbans and lowland rice systems in Kerala face salinization, making them unsuitable for agriculture and impacting farmers’ livelihoods.
    3. Displacement of Populations: Low-lying areas in West Bengal and Kerala may see large-scale migration due to flooding, creating “climate refugees.”
    4. Impact on Fisheries: Changes in sea levels and temperatures could disrupt marine ecosystems, affecting fisheries in states like Kerala and Goa.
    5. Infrastructure Threat: Key infrastructures, such as the Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, face operational challenges due to rising sea levels.

    Impact on Other Countries in the Indian Ocean Region

    1. Maldives: As the lowest-lying country, the Maldives risks becoming uninhabitable or disappearing entirely.
    2. Bangladesh: Much of Bangladesh is less than 5 metres above sea level, making it highly susceptible to flooding and displacement of millions.
    3. Sri Lanka: Coastal cities like Galle face threats to tourism, a major revenue source.
    4. Indonesia: Changes in sea levels could disrupt critical maritime trade routes, leading to significant economic losses.
    5. Thailand: Low-lying areas like Phuket may become increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters, endangering lives and the economy.

    Conclusion

    The IPCC’s prediction of a one-metre sea level rise by 2100 presents severe challenges for India and the Indian Ocean region. However, it also offers an opportunity for collaboration and innovation to mitigate these impacts through adaptive strategies and international cooperation.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition: Define cloudburst as an extreme weather event characterized by intense and sudden rainfall over a localized area. Significance: Mention its impact, often leading to flash floods and landslides. 2. Mechanism of Cloudbursts A. Formation of Convective Clouds Fact: Cloudbursts ...

upsc: climate change
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction A cloudburst is an extreme weather phenomenon characterized by a sudden and intense downpour over a localized area, often lasting from a few minutes to a couple of hours. This event is typically accompanied by thunder and lightning and can lead to severe flooding and landslRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    A cloudburst is an extreme weather phenomenon characterized by a sudden and intense downpour over a localized area, often lasting from a few minutes to a couple of hours. This event is typically accompanied by thunder and lightning and can lead to severe flooding and landslides.

    Mechanism of Cloudbursts

    Cloudbursts in the Indian subcontinent are predominantly caused by convective clouds, particularly cumulonimbus clouds. These clouds form when warm, moist air rises rapidly, causing the condensation of water vapor. Factors such as solar heating, moisture availability, and atmospheric instability fuel this convective process.

    When these clouds reach a critical point, they can release substantial amounts of precipitation in a short time. The updrafts and downdrafts within the cloud promote the formation of large raindrops, which fall rapidly due to gravity, resulting in a cloudburst.

    Occurrence of Cloudbursts

    Cloudbursts are more prevalent in the hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent due to complex topography. These areas often experience orographic lifting, where moist air is forced to ascend over mountains, enhancing cloud development. During the summer monsoon, moist winds from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal interact with local weather systems, triggering intense convective activity that leads to cloudbursts.

    Recent Examples of Cloudbursts

    A. Uttarakhand Cloudburst (July 2021)

    In July 2021, Uttarakhand experienced devastating cloudbursts in districts like Chamoli and Uttarkashi. The intense rainfall resulted in flash floods and landslides, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and loss of lives. Rivers and streams overflowed, leading to rapid water surges downstream.

    B. Himachal Pradesh Cloudburst (August 2020)

    In August 2020, parts of Himachal Pradesh, including Kullu and Lahaul-Spiti, faced cloudbursts that triggered landslides and flash floods. This event severely impacted transportation and communication networks, particularly in remote regions like Lahaul-Spiti.

    Conclusion

    Cloudbursts pose significant hazards in the Indian subcontinent, especially in mountainous areas. Understanding their mechanisms and occurrences is vital for effective disaster preparedness and management. Recent incidents in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh underscore the urgent need for early warning systems and resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of such extreme weather events.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition: Define global warming as the long-term increase in average temperatures due to greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation. Significance: Briefly mention its importance as a pressing environmental issue. 2. Effects of Global Warming on Global Climate A. Extreme Weather Events Fact: ...

upsc: climate change
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Global warming is a critical environmental challenge characterized by the long-term rise in average temperatures due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. This increase in temperature has profound effects on global climate patterns, leading to moRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Global warming is a critical environmental challenge characterized by the long-term rise in average temperatures due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. This increase in temperature has profound effects on global climate patterns, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems.

    Effects of Global Warming

    1. Extreme Weather Events: The frequency and intensity of hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall are increasing, causing significant damage to infrastructure and ecosystems.
    2. Melting Ice Caps: Glaciers and polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate, contributing to rising sea levels and threatening coastal communities.
    3. Rising Sea Levels: Higher sea levels lead to increased flooding in coastal areas, displacing populations and affecting freshwater supplies.
    4. Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt habitats, leading to species loss and altered biodiversity.

    Control Measures: The Kyoto Protocol

    To address the rising levels of GHGs and combat global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997. This international treaty aimed to reduce emissions of six primary GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

    Key Features of the Kyoto Protocol

    • Emission Reduction Targets: Binding targets were established for developed countries (Annex I countries) to reduce their GHG emissions to specified levels below their 1990 baseline.
    • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): This mechanism allowed Annex I countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries, earning carbon credits while promoting sustainable development.
    • Joint Implementation (JI): JI enabled Annex I countries to collaborate on emission reduction projects and earn emission reduction units (ERUs) as credits.
    • Emissions Trading: The protocol introduced a market-based approach, allowing countries to buy and sell emission allowances, providing flexibility in meeting targets.
    • Technology Transfer and Financial Assistance: Emphasis was placed on transferring technology and providing financial support from developed to developing countries to aid in reducing GHG emissions.

    While the Kyoto Protocol raised global awareness about climate change and established a framework for international cooperation, it faced challenges due to limited participation and lack of binding commitments from major emitters like the United States and China. Nonetheless, it laid the groundwork for subsequent agreements, such as the Paris Agreement in 2015.

    Conclusion

    The Kyoto Protocol was instrumental in addressing global warming by setting emission reduction targets for participating countries. Effective control measures to curb GHG emissions include adopting renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, and promoting sustainable practices. Continued international cooperation and adherence to such protocols are essential for mitigating the detrimental effects of global warming and achieving a sustainable future.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Purpose of the Green Grid Initiative: Introduce the initiative as a global effort to create interconnected electricity grids. Context: Mention its launch during the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. Historical Background: State that the ...

upsc: climate change
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Green Grid Initiative, also known as One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG), was jointly announced by India and the UK at the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. This initiative aims to accelerate the development of interconnected electricity grRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Green Grid Initiative, also known as One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG), was jointly announced by India and the UK at the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. This initiative aims to accelerate the development of interconnected electricity grids globally, enhancing energy access for disadvantaged communities through mini-grids and off-grid solutions. The concept of a unified global solar grid was initially proposed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in 2018, highlighting the need for sustainable energy solutions on a global scale.

    Body

    The Green Grid Initiative has several key objectives:

    1. Accelerate Decarbonization: The initiative aims to expedite the decarbonization of energy production worldwide. By promoting renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, it seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.
    2. Interconnected Solar Power Grid: The initiative envisions establishing an international network of interconnected solar power grids. This global grid will ensure a continuous supply of clean energy, allowing countries to access renewable resources efficiently and sustainably.
    3. Enhance Investment and Collaboration: The Green Grid Initiative encourages collaboration among countries, pooling skills, technologies, and financial resources. This cooperation will foster research and development centers and promote investment in renewable energy infrastructure globally.

    The idea for the OSOWOG initiative was first proposed at the ISA in 2018, laying the groundwork for the Green Grid Initiative. The formal launch at COP26 in 2021 marked a significant step towards promoting renewable energy integration and global energy connectivity.

    Conclusion

    The Green Grid Initiative, rooted in the concept of a global interconnected solar power grid proposed at the ISA in 2018, gained momentum with its launch at COP26. It reflects the commitment of nations to achieve universal access to renewable energy and combat climate change effectively.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Context: Introduce COP26 and its significance as a global climate conference. Objective: State that the answer will cover major outcomes and India’s commitments at COP26. Relevant Fact COP26 took place in Glasgow in November 2021 under the UNFCCC framework (Source: ...

upsc: climate change
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Glasgow in November 2021. This conference aimed to accelerate global climate action and secure commitments from nations to mitigate clRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Glasgow in November 2021. This conference aimed to accelerate global climate action and secure commitments from nations to mitigate climate change.

    Major Outcomes of COP26

    1. Methane Pledge: The European Union and the United States launched a significant pledge to reduce global methane emissions by 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. This initiative has the potential to prevent an increase of 0.2 degrees Celsius in global warming.
    2. Deforestation Pledge: Over 100 national leaders committed to halting and reversing deforestation and land degradation by 2030. This agreement builds on the 2014 New York Declaration of Forests, which involved 40 countries.
    3. Climate Finance: There was a strong call for increased climate finance, with India emphasizing that developed nations should mobilize at least USD 1 trillion annually to support climate action in developing countries, surpassing the previous commitment of USD 100 billion made in 2009.
    4. Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS): India launched the IRIS initiative to enhance infrastructure for small island developing nations (SIDNs), which are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts.
    5. One Sun One World One Grid Group (OSOWOG): India and the UK initiated this group to harness solar energy and facilitate its seamless transmission across borders.

    India’s Commitments at COP26

    • Net-zero Emissions: India committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, demonstrating its long-term climate action strategy.
    • Non-Fossil Energy Capacity: The country aims to increase its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030, promoting renewable energy sources.
    • Carbon Intensity Reduction: India pledged to reduce its economy’s carbon intensity by 45% by 2030, indicating a commitment to sustainable development.
    • Renewable Energy Adoption: India aims to fulfill 50% of its energy requirements through renewable sources by 2030.
    • Carbon Emissions Reduction: The country committed to reducing 1 billion tonnes of carbon emissions from its projected total by 2030.

    Conclusion

    COP26 resulted in significant commitments and initiatives aimed at addressing climate change. India’s pledges, including achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and expanding renewable energy capacity, reflect its dedication to sustainable development and global climate action.

    See less
Load More Questions

Resources & Suggestions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Articles

On: February 24, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (24 February 2025)

The rise of the work-from-home culture has brought about several ethical issues in private organizations. In this context, do you believe it is ethical for an employee to engage in moonlighting? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) घर से काम करने ...

On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

Indo-US Relation: Areas of Cooperation & Conflicts

Key Areas: Defense, technology, trade, energy, and regional cooperation. Key Areas of Cooperation 1. Defense and Security Transition from buyer-seller to co-production and technology sharing. India as a Major Defense Partner (MDP) and inclusion in STA-1. Access to advanced technologies, ...

On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

भारत-अमेरिका संबंध: सहयोग और संघर्ष के क्षेत्र

मुख्य विषय: भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों की मजबूती, विशेषकर रक्षा, प्रौद्योगिकी और क्षेत्रीय सहयोग में प्रगति। सहयोग के प्रमुख क्षेत्र 1. रक्षा एवं सुरक्षा सहयोग भारत और अमेरिका के बीच रक्षा संबंधों का विस्तार। प्रमुख रक्षा साझेदार (MDP) का दर्जा और STA-1 ...

Explore Our Blog