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Poverty & Hunger
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, abbreviated as MGNREGA in India, is an excellent program that has dramatically impacted poverty. Survives rural families with 100 days of annual income. There is an infrastructure development for the rural area including roads, aqueducts, aRead more
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, abbreviated as MGNREGA in India, is an excellent program that has dramatically impacted poverty.
Survives rural families with 100 days of annual income.
There is an infrastructure development for the rural area including roads, aqueducts, and water-saving buildings.
Men’s women by leaving one-third of the positions to them.
Impact fromrename.
Rural poverty has been reduced and many rural households are now able to depend on MGNREGA as their lifeline during difficult times.
The project has significantly enhanced the rural infrastructure, leading to increased access to education, healthcare, and markets.
MGNREGA provides women with financial autonomy and job opportunities, which they now enjoy.
Problem:
Persistentrefund delays have negatively impacted program performance.
The program prioritizes low-wage manual labor while limiting opportunities for higher-paying jobs and assisted projects.
MGNREGA has been effective in protecting the environment through water conservation and afforestation, but there are concerns about the environmental impact of some initiatives.
Through these programs, poverty has been reduced, child nutrition improved, and school attendance has increased. What are the implications?
The provision of microfinance programs to low-income individuals and companies has been effective in generating employment and equipping entrepreneurs, making them the beneficiaries of successful initiatives.
See lessThere any change in present Indian economy after British ruler were left India?
Indian economic conditions have changed very widely since its departure in the year 1947 from Britain. Summary De-industrialization to Industrial Growth: A Colonial Legacy This British rule completely de-industrialized India which concentrated more and more on material extraction and its agricultureRead more
Indian economic conditions have changed very widely since its departure in the year 1947 from Britain.
Summary De-industrialization to Industrial Growth: A Colonial Legacy This British rule completely de-industrialized India which concentrated more and more on material extraction and its agriculture production primarily for British colonies. Indian industry was not so well.
Post-Independence: India took to planned economic development where the emphasis is placed on the growth of the industries. It has provided opportunities for building up public sector undertakings also for the establishment of heavy industries.
Agrarian Reforms:
Land Reforms: This area underwent reforms with a plan to right the imbalances brought about because of land holding inequality and land getting into the hands of such poor farmers who have none.
Green Revolution: The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s increased productivity in agriculture but created side effects related to environmental issues and reliance on chemical fertilizers.
Economic Liberalization:
1991 Reforms: India implemented the most important economic liberalizations in 1991. The Indian economy was opened up to foreign investment; government control would reduce and privatization at various levels would be promoted.
This led to economic growth with increased income inequalities and social effects.
Problems
Poverty and Inequality: Issues of poverty and inequality remain even after economic growth has been achieved.
Unemployment: Youth unemployment is extremely high and thus a big issue.
Infrastructure Development: It has improved but remains woeful in many aspects of infrastructural development, especially in the rural region.
Recent Trends:
See less-Heavy attention on Digital Economy: India is heavily focusing on digital economy with initiatives like “Digital India,” which focuses on making the country digitally literate and innovative.
-Rise of Service Sectors: It has emerged to be the most important sector showing an acceleration trend of the economic growth within India and among those sectors, it has been IT and IT-enabled services which have been the single most effective drivers.
Discuss the significance and issues related with the concept of poverty line.
The poverty line remains the best tool that is used in order to estimate levels of poverty existing in a given society. It is described as the lowest standard that a person requires to earn so as to be able to earn enough to feed himself, clothe himself and get a roof over his head. The concept of tRead more
The poverty line remains the best tool that is used in order to estimate levels of poverty existing in a given society. It is described as the lowest standard that a person requires to earn so as to be able to earn enough to feed himself, clothe himself and get a roof over his head. The concept of the poverty line is complex and faces many challenges:
Importance:
Policy Formulation: These data help governments formulate and implement poverty eradication policies as well as map poverty line.
Resource Allocation: It assists in proper utilization of resources available to fight poverty related problems.
Monitoring Change: Explanation of How Poverty Level Changes Over Time Can Help Us Understand Something about the Effectiveness of Government Policies
Issues:
Subjectivity: The passing of the poverty line involves several generalized and subjective decision making about what constitutes basic.
Regional variation: The conditions of and needs for relief vary from one region to another in one country and hence are very much W/B between areas.
Changing Nature of Poverty: Its approach is subjected to change such as inflationary.change, change in the rates of growth, and change in social order.
-Data Quality: Cross sectional survey data is most useful in assessing the income and consumption expenditure of households, but invariably some issues of data quality arise.
-Multidimensional Poverty: However, the means poverty, also known as income poverty, is well provided notwithstanding other dimensions are education, health, social exclusion, etc.
To do this it could entail the coming up of multi dimensional poverty index that could include things like income, health, education and basic service. It is also necessary to have time to time revision and modification of the poverty line so that it may be in harmony with the economical and social change.
See lessPolicy Implementation and Evaluation
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), now known as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), was introduced in India to address rural unemployment and poverty. It guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households whose adult membeRead more
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), now known as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), was introduced in India to address rural unemployment and poverty. It guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households whose adult members are willing to work. Here’s how effective it has been:
Effectiveness in Addressing Rural Unemployment:
Challenges and Areas for Improvement:
Overall, MGNREGA has been effective in providing employment and supporting rural livelihoods, but improving its implementation and expanding its scope could enhance its impact on rural poverty and unemployment.
See lessPoverty
Microfinance initiatives have been widely recognized as a powerful tool in addressing poverty worldwide. Here are some of the key benefits and challenges of microfinance in this context: Benefits: Access to Financial Services: Microfinance provides access to financial services, such as small loans,Read more
Microfinance initiatives have been widely recognized as a powerful tool in addressing poverty worldwide. Here are some of the key benefits and challenges of microfinance in this context:
Benefits:
- Access to Financial Services:
- Microfinance provides access to financial services, such as small loans, savings accounts, and insurance, to individuals and small businesses who are typically excluded from traditional banking systems.
- This access to financial services empowers the poor to start or expand their businesses, invest in their education, and improve their overall economic well-being.
- Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment:
- Microfinance loans enable the poor to become self-employed or start their own small businesses, fostering entrepreneurship and economic independence.
- This can lead to increased income, asset accumulation, and community development.
- Women’s Empowerment:
- Microfinance initiatives often target women, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, providing them with access to financial resources and opportunities to participate in economic activities.
- This can enhance women’s decision-making power, financial autonomy, and overall social and economic status within their households and communities.
- Community Development:
- Successful microfinance programs can contribute to the overall development of local communities by supporting small businesses, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing financial inclusion.
- This can lead to improved living standards, reduced income inequality, and fostering of social cohesion.
See lessEconomic Growth vs. Environmental Protection in Developing Countries
The relevance of aestheticism in E.W. Hornung's A.J. Raffles series is primarily manifested through the character of Raffles himself and the thematic exploration of art, beauty, and the pursuit of sensual pleasures. Raffles as an Aesthetic Figure: Raffles, the gentleman thief protagonist of the seriRead more
The relevance of aestheticism in E.W. Hornung’s A.J. Raffles series is primarily manifested through the character of Raffles himself and the thematic exploration of art, beauty, and the pursuit of sensual pleasures.
- Raffles as an Aesthetic Figure:
- Raffles, the gentleman thief protagonist of the series, is depicted as a cultivated and refined individual who values aesthetics and the finer things in life.
- His appreciation for art, music, and fine living is a central aspect of his character, reflecting the principles of the aesthetic movement that emerged in the late 19th century.
- Raffles’ attention to detail, his love of beautiful objects, and his pursuit of sensual experiences align him with the aesthetic ideals of “art for art’s sake” and the emphasis on the intrinsic value of beauty.
- The Aesthetics of Crime:
- Hornung’s portrayal of Raffles’ criminal activities often highlights the aesthetic dimension of his thefts and burglaries.
- Raffles approaches his criminal exploits with a sense of artistry, meticulously planning and executing his heists in a way that showcases his skill and appreciation for the beauty of the objects he steals.
- The series explores the notion of the “aesthetics of crime,” where Raffles’ criminal actions are imbued with a certain elegance and refinement, challenging traditional moral boundaries.
- The Tension between Aestheticism and Morality:
- The Raffles series often presents a tension between Raffles’ aesthetic sensibilities and the moral implications of his criminal activities.
- Hornung’s portrayal of Raffles as a likable and charming protagonist creates a sympathetic figure, despite his transgressions, inviting readers to engage with the complexities of ethical considerations.
- This tension reflects the broader debates within the aesthetic movement, where the pursuit of beauty and sensual pleasures was sometimes seen as conflicting with traditional moral values.
- The Influence of Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism:
- Hornung’s depiction of Raffles and the thematic exploration of aestheticism in the series can be seen as influenced by the ideas and writings of Oscar Wilde, a prominent figure in the aesthetic movement.
- Wilde’s emphasis on the primacy of art and beauty over moral considerations is reflected in the Raffles series, where Raffles’ criminal activities are often justified or romanticized through his appreciation for the aesthetic qualities of his targets.
See lessHow can government create policies to reduce poverty and inequality?
Governments can create policies to reduce poverty and inequality by: 1. Progressive taxation: Implementing a tax system where the wealthy are taxed at a higher rate. 2. Social welfare programs: Providing financial assistance, healthcare, and education to vulnerable populations. 3. Job creatioRead more
Governments can create policies to reduce poverty and inequality by:
1. Progressive taxation: Implementing a tax system where the wealthy are taxed at a higher rate.
2. Social welfare programs: Providing financial assistance, healthcare, and education to vulnerable populations.
3. Job creation: Investing in infrastructure, education, and job training to stimulate employment.
4. Minimum wage laws: Ensuring a living wage for workers.
5. Affordable housing: Increasing access to affordable housing and addressing homelessness.
6. Education and skills training: Improving access to quality education and vocational training.
7. Labor rights: Strengthening labor laws and collective bargaining to protect workers.
8. Addressing discrimination: Implementing policies to address systemic discrimination and promote equal opportunities.
9. Safety nets: Establishing unemployment benefits, food assistance, and other safety nets.
10. Monitoring and evaluation: Regularly assessing policy effectiveness and making data-driven adjustments.
These policies can help reduce poverty and inequality by addressing the root causes, providing support to those in need, and promoting economic mobility.
See lessWhat is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?
Absolute poverty and relative poverty are two distinct concepts used to measure economic deprivation. **Absolute poverty** refers to a fixed threshold of income or resources necessary to maintain basic living standards, such as food, shelter, and clothing. This threshold, often defined internationalRead more
Absolute poverty and relative poverty are two distinct concepts used to measure economic deprivation.
**Absolute poverty** refers to a fixed threshold of income or resources necessary to maintain basic living standards, such as food, shelter, and clothing. This threshold, often defined internationally as living on less than $1.90 per day (according to the World Bank), is constant over time and across different countries. It measures whether individuals have the minimum resources needed for physical survival. Absolute poverty is useful for assessing extreme poverty levels globally and identifying those who cannot meet fundamental needs.
**Relative poverty**, on the other hand, is context-specific and varies according to societal standards and economic conditions. It measures an individual’s or family’s income in relation to the average income or living standards of the surrounding community or country. For example, someone might be considered relatively poor if their income is below 50% of the median income in their society. Relative poverty highlights disparities within a society and the inability of individuals to participate fully in customary social activities due to financial constraints.
In summary, absolute poverty is about meeting basic survival needs, while relative poverty is about economic inequality and social inclusion within a particular society. Both concepts are important for understanding and addressing different aspects of poverty.
See lessWhy the gap is increasing between the rich and the poor?
One of the most widespread issues that developing countries deal with is the unequal distribution of wealth, which leads to a wide gap in the wealth that separates the rich and poor today. This gap between the rich and the poor is what is income inequality. As Adam Smith said, “No society can surelyRead more
One of the most widespread issues that developing countries deal with is the unequal distribution of wealth, which leads to a wide gap in the wealth that separates the rich and poor today. This gap between the rich and the poor is what is income inequality.
As Adam Smith said, “No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which by far the greater part of the numbers are poor and miserable.”
Before doing a deeper analysis to understand how rich are getting richer and poor are getting poorer day by day, let’s understand in brief what is income inequality.
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among a population. When a large number of people have limited income, while a small group controls a significant share of wealth, the level of inequality is high.
Causes of Income Inequality
1. Wage Determination in Capitalist Markets: In a capitalist economy, wages are often determined by supply and demand. For eg., if there is a high supply of labor for a particular job and low demand, wages tend to be low. Conversely, a low supply of labor and high demand can result in higher wages. This disparity in wages contributes significantly to income inequality.
2. Inequalities in Land Ownership: Land is a crucial resource for rural populations, particularly in developing countries where agriculture is a primary livelihood. Many rural people are landless or lack adequate security of tenure, which limits their economic opportunities. The World Development Report notes that the landless are among the poorest in developing countries.
3. Access to Education and Professional Opportunities : In many developing countries, access to higher and professional education is often restricted to elite families. This creates a class divide, as only those from wealthy backgrounds can afford the training necessary for high-paying professions like business executives, engineers, physicians, and lawyers.
4. Seasonal Employment and Disguised Unemployment: Agriculture, being dependent on seasonal cycles, often leads to periods of unemployment for farmers. When crops are not in season, farmers may not have other resources or opportunities, leading to disguised unemployment—a situation where more people are employed than actually needed, often at very low productivity.
5. Colonial Legacy: The effects of colonial rule have left lasting impacts on many developing countries. Colonial powers exploited these regions, often destroying local industries and creating markets for their own products. This historical exploitation has contributed to persistent economic inequalities.
See lessThere any change in present Indian economy after British ruler were left India?
Yes, the Indian economy has undergone significant changes since independence from British rule.Here are some of the major changes and developments Industrialization and infrastructure development: After independence, India opt industrialization with a focus on developing industries such as steel, hRead more
Yes, the Indian economy has undergone significant changes since independence from British rule.Here are some of the major changes and developments
Industrialization and infrastructure development: After independence, India opt industrialization with a focus on developing industries such as steel, heavy machinery and basic Infrastructure
The government-also launchedl five-year plans to promote industrial growth.
Agrarian reform: Land reform was carried out to abolish the zamindari system and redistribute land to landless peasants. The Green Revolution introduce high-yielding seed varieties, irrigation and modern farming techniques, significantly boosting agricultural production.
Liberalization and economic reforms: In the 1990s, India implemented economic liberalization policies, opening up the economy to foreign investment.This led to rapid growth in sectors such as IT, telecommunications and services.
See lessGrowth of services sector: The services sector, which includes IT, outsourcing, banking, finance and tourism, has emerged as one of the major contributors to India’s GDP
India has emerged as a global hub for IT services and outsourcing, attracting foreign investment and creating jobs.
Poverty reduction and social development: Despite the challenges, poverty rates have gradually decreased and focusing on social development areas such as education, health and rural development has improved human development.