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Home/polity

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Samriddhi Jain
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Samriddhi JainBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
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Why Constitution of India seems to be federal in form but in actual it is unitary?

polity
  1. RISHABH K
    RISHABH K Begginer

    The Constitution of India is quasi – federal where it has some federal characteristics and some unitary characteristics. In theory, it establishes a federal system by dividing powers between the central and state governments through three distinct lists in the Seventh Schedule: the three lists namelRead more

    The Constitution of India is quasi – federal where it has some federal characteristics and some unitary characteristics. In theory, it establishes a federal system by dividing powers between the central and state governments through three distinct lists in the Seventh Schedule: the three lists namely the Union List, Stated List and Concurrent list. From this division, there seems to be a clear cuts federal structure guaranteeing that states are sovereign with regard to some issues. But in fact it can be seen that the constitution of Indian is has a tilt towards the unitary form. Some of these characteristic include; The Concurrent List that allows the central government to override the state laws, Article 356 giving the central government the power to dismiss state governments, Financial control and emergency powers are centralized, all of which show the unitary nature. Further, constitution provides the single constitution single citizenship and the power of the Parliament to redraw state boundaries to illustrate central dominance. Another feature depicts the structural aspect of unitary state that is the central government exercise of prerogatives in sensitive sectors such as defense, foreign affair, and communication, besides the Governor, being the representative of President in the state. Hence having federal structure at the constitution level the political system of India can be defined predominantly unitary due to centralisation of powers with the central government.

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Winnie Mathew
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Winnie MathewBegginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In: ,
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administrationelectionsgovernancepolity
  1. Divya Bhong
    Divya Bhong Begginer

    India is tha vast democratic country direction and control of election process vested in election commission of India which is the independent constitutional body. Election for centre and state is a long term policy making process. Let's understand the small difference for conducting the simultaneouRead more

    1. India is tha vast democratic country direction and control of election process vested in election commission of India which is the independent constitutional body.
    2. Election for centre and state is a long term policy making process.
    3. Let’s understand the small difference for conducting the simultaneous election and frequent election
    4. Frequent election may take more time, attention, energy and resources for conducting regulating the election throughout the various states and local areas .there is no year without conducting some election.
    5. Whereas simultaneous elections may reduce such time , energy and resources as a result political party can engage such time and attention towards policy making, implementations , growth and good governance of democracy.
    6. Conducting Simultaneous elections also some challenges like power of centre over state .
    7.  More officers,EVM machine trained and skilled officer at one time.etc.
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MANVI JOSHI
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MANVI JOSHIBegginer
Asked: August 1, 2024In:
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constitutionindiapolityquestion
  1. Shruti Rathore
    Shruti Rathore Begginer

    The comment that India imitated or borrowed its Constitution from other countries lacks the insight to identify the thoughtfulness and meticulousness that went into the drafting of that Constitution. The Indian Constitution does have selective salient features borrowed from other constitutions, butRead more

    The comment that India imitated or borrowed its Constitution from other countries lacks the insight to identify the thoughtfulness and meticulousness that went into the drafting of that Constitution. The Indian Constitution does have selective salient features borrowed from other constitutions, but that was done with great pondering and contemplation, as these features could be further adapted easily into the Indian social and political milieu and domain.

    1. Varied Sources of Inspiration: The Indian Constitution has been influenced by several sources including the British, American, Irish, Canadian, Australian, etc. For example, the concept of Fundamental Rights has obtained directly and indirectly from the U.S. Bill of Rights whereas the parliamentary system of government is a carbon copy of that of Britain.

    2. Tailored to Indian Needs: Those borrowed features were not merely the copy words; rather, those were to be altered in the light of Indian needs. The makers of the Constitution under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar very cautiously deliberated and then made amendments in them to be relevant to India’s peculiar problems and aspirations.

    3. Comprehensive and Original Framework: It is a broad document and contains the uniquity in the sense that, under the Constitution, provision for social justice, federalism, and the detailed Fundamental Duties list is relatively unique to India and nowhere else.

    4. Innovative Provisions: It includes innovative provisions such as the Directive Principles of State Policy, which provide guidelines for the government to lay down the laws regarding the social and economic welfare of the people.

    However, the Indian Constitution ventured only to draw from the earlier precedents. It was an original document, carved dethe only way possible to deal with the multiple and complicated needs of the country.

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Sharqa Tabrez
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Sharqa TabrezBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In: , , , ,
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How have evolving economic dynamics impacted fiscal relations between the Union and the States in India? Answer in 250 words.

polityquestion
  1. Shivani
    Shivani Begginer
Gurpreet Singh
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Gurpreet SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In: ,
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The word Secular was added to the Preamble of Indian constitution through an amendment to the Constitution. Was Indian Constitution Secular as on 26 November, 1949, Enumerate.

polity
  1. Parul
    Parul Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Secularism can be defined as a social order where religion is neither actively promoted nor criticized. The western concept of secularism is based on the idea of mutual exclusion i.e both religion and state must stay away from each other. The Indian concept of secularism is different as we follow thRead more

    Secularism can be defined as a social order where religion is neither actively promoted nor criticized. The western concept of secularism is based on the idea of mutual exclusion i.e both religion and state must stay away from each other. The Indian concept of secularism is different as we follow the idea of Principled Distance i.e there is no strict boundary between state and religion and they are not divided into water tight compartments as they share porous borders boundaries.

    Originally the Indian constitution did not mention the word Secularism. It was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 but it does not mean that The Indian constitution was not secular on 26th November 1949 when the constitution was adopted. Through various articles Indian constitution has ascertained that India is a secular nation.

    Indian secularism is based on the following ideologies:

    Nehruvian – State should not have any religion and state should not discriminate anyone on the basis of religion. Article 15 and 27.

    Gandhian – “Sarv Dharm Sambhav” i.e. all religions coexist. Religions should be treated equally and rights to practice ones religion. Article 25 and 14.

    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Minorities right to religion. Article 29, 30 and 17.

    Fundamental rights: 

    Article 14: Equality before law (irrespective of  religion)

    Article 15: State shall not discriminate on the basis of religion.

    Article 25 – 28: Ensure freedom of religion to all.

    Secularism forms the basics structures of the constitution. The Indian Union is not completely identified with a particular religion also it is not adverse to the use of religious symbols. Every citizen is equally entitled to the freedom of conscious and right to religion to freely profess, practice and propagate the religion of their own choice. Thus it would be correct to say that Indian constitution was secular even on 26 November 1949 before the word secularism was added in the Indian constitution by the 42nd constitutional amendment of 1976.

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Rishita Singh
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Rishita SinghBegginer
Asked: September 4, 2024In:
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Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s current cyber security framework in safeguarding critical infrastructure and personal data. In light of increasing cyber threats, what reforms are needed to strengthen India’s national security in cyberspace? (250 words)

cyber securitynational securitypolityquestion
  1. RAVI Kant
    RAVI Kant Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    The cyber security framework plays a major role in tackling cyber threats via the National Cyber Security Policy (2013) which has made progress against digital threats since it's inception . Evaluation of cyber security framework: Strengths : 1)Legal and regulatory framework: The Information TechnolRead more

    The cyber security framework plays a major role in tackling cyber threats via the National Cyber Security Policy (2013) which has made progress against digital threats since it’s inception .

    Evaluation of cyber security framework:

    Strengths :

    1)Legal and regulatory framework: The Information Technology act (2000) and National Cyber Security Policy (2013) aim to detect cyber threats towards data protection and online transactions. The legal framework criminalizes cyber offences and develop country’s protection against threats.

    2) Setting up institutions such as :

    • Indian Computer Emergency Response Team(CERT-In) which is responsible for threat response and management.
    • National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) which provides physical protection against threats such as Social engineering or natural disasters.
    • National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) which provides communication between various agencies .

    3) National Cyber Security Policy:Marks strategic objectives effective cyber ecosystem via promotion of research and development .

    4) Focus on capacity building.

    5) Provide indigenous solution: NCRF promotes participation of companies like TCS ,Wipro, Cyber ark etc for cyber defence.

    6) Public-private partnership

     

     

    Reforms to further strengthen defences:

    1) Awareness campaigns: best possible way of defending threats is informed masses.

    2) Continuous review and adaptation:  dynamic scenario which requires regular evaluation and modification.

    3) Increased budget allocation: both by government and private parties monitored by top management ( 10% of IT budget recommended).

    4) Training programmes as recently announced by HM Amit Shah of training 5000 commandos .

    5) Acts such as Digital India which would encompass A.I , cybersecurity and data privacy.

     

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Sourodeep Das
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Sourodeep DasBegginer
Asked: September 14, 2024In: ,
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2023politypyqquestion
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Article 356 also known as President's Rule allows the President to assume control of a state's government in case of constitutional breakdown. Significant for maintaining national integrity and stability, it ensures center state harmony while safeguarding federal principles.The reduced frequency ofRead more

    Article 356 also known as President’s Rule allows the President to assume control of a state’s government in case of constitutional breakdown. Significant for maintaining national integrity and stability, it ensures center state harmony while safeguarding federal principles.The reduced frequency of using Article 356 (President’s Rule) by Union Governments since the mid 1990s can be attributed to the following legal and political factors.

    Legal factors –

    1. The Bommai Judgment (1994) limited Article 356’s misuse by requiring proof of constitutional breakdown and judicial review of President’s Rule.
    2. Federalism limits central intervention, emphasizing state autonomy and requiring consensus, thereby reducing arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356).
    3. Judicial review empowers courts to scrutinize President’s Rule (Article 356) decisions, ensuring constitutional validity and preventing center state abuse.

    Political factors – 

    1. Coalition politics necessitates consensus building and compromise, discouraging unilateral imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356) by the central government.
    2. Federal Front Politics refers to regional parties collective influence, constraining the central government’s ability to impose President’s Rule (Article 356).
    3. Political accountability, a key factor in reducing Article 356’s use, ensures governments are responsible for their actions, facing scrutiny and consequences.
    4. State level politics, fueled by strong regional leaders and parties, resist central intervention, reducing arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356) .
    5. Changes in political culture, such as increased consensus building and dialogue have reduced arbitrary use of Article 356 .
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Chihiro
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ChihiroBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , ,
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Introduction:Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and its constituent units . For example ; central government & state government . Indian had a quasi federal system of government.  Federalism in India ...

constitutionpolitypollquestion
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