mppsc: challenges of corruption Archives

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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 5, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

Analyse the definitional complexity of corruption.

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Answer the question in maximum 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Examine the intricacy of corruption’s definition.

Ayana Chopra Learner
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:48 pm
Definitional Complexity of Corruption: An Analysis Introduction Corruption is a multifaceted issue that poses significant challenges to governance and societal integrity. Its definitional complexity arises from its diverse manifestations and the varying contexts in which it occurs. Understanding thiRead more

Definitional Complexity of Corruption: An Analysis

Introduction

Corruption is a multifaceted issue that poses significant challenges to governance and societal integrity. Its definitional complexity arises from its diverse manifestations and the varying contexts in which it occurs. Understanding this complexity is crucial for effectively addressing and combating corruption.

1. Variability in Definitions

Contextual Differences: Corruption is defined differently across jurisdictions and cultures, reflecting local norms and legal frameworks. For example, what constitutes corruption in one country may not be seen as such in another, leading to discrepancies in addressing and penalizing corrupt practices.

Recent Example: The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) provides a broad definition of corruption, but the interpretation and implementation of these definitions can vary significantly among member states. For instance, bribery is universally recognized as corruption, but the extent of legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms can differ.

2. Multiple Forms of Corruption

Diverse Manifestations: Corruption can manifest in various forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and fraud. Each form has distinct characteristics and impacts, complicating efforts to create a unified definition.

Recent Example: In India, the Central Vigilance Commission identifies forms like bribery, embezzlement, and favoritism, each with different legal and procedural implications. The varied nature of these forms necessitates specific approaches for each type.

3. Legal and Ethical Dimensions

Legal Definitions vs. Ethical Perspectives: Corruption is often defined in legal terms, but ethical considerations also play a role. What is legally deemed corrupt may not always align with ethical views or societal expectations.

Recent Example: The Panama Papers leak of 2016 revealed widespread corruption involving offshore tax havens. While some activities were legally permissible, they were widely condemned as unethical, highlighting the gap between legal definitions and ethical standards.

4. Impact of Globalization

Cross-Border Corruption: Globalization has introduced new dimensions to corruption, including transnational bribery and money laundering. The international nature of these activities complicates definitions and enforcement.

Recent Example: The 1MDB scandal involved complex financial transactions across multiple countries, demonstrating how corruption can span borders and challenge traditional definitions and enforcement mechanisms.

5. Evolution Over Time

Changing Standards: Definitions of corruption evolve over time as societal norms and legal standards change. What was once considered acceptable may now be recognized as corrupt, reflecting shifts in public perception and legal frameworks.

Recent Example: The #MeToo movement has expanded the definition of corruption to include sexual harassment and exploitation, which were previously overlooked in corruption discourse but are now increasingly recognized as forms of corruption.

Conclusion

The definitional complexity of corruption arises from its variability across cultures and jurisdictions, its multiple forms, the interplay between legal and ethical dimensions, the impact of globalization, and its evolving nature. Recent examples illustrate how these factors contribute to the challenges in defining and combating corruption effectively. Understanding this complexity is essential for developing comprehensive anti-corruption strategies and policies.
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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 5, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

Who first suggested the establishment of Lokpal?

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Answer the question in maximum 10 words. This question carries 02 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Who made the initial proposal to create the Lokpal?

Eshani Raman Begginer
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:25 pm
लोकपाल की अवधारणा लोकपाल एक स्वतंत्र और संवैधानिक संस्था है जिसका उद्देश्य भारत में सरकारी अधिकारियों और नेताओं के खिलाफ भ्रष्टाचार की शिकायतों की जांच और निर्णय करना है। इसका गठन भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ एक प्रभावी तंत्र के रूप में किया गया है। प्रारंभिक सुझाव लोकपाल की स्थापना का सुझाव सबसे पहले राजीवRead more

लोकपाल की अवधारणा

लोकपाल एक स्वतंत्र और संवैधानिक संस्था है जिसका उद्देश्य भारत में सरकारी अधिकारियों और नेताओं के खिलाफ भ्रष्टाचार की शिकायतों की जांच और निर्णय करना है। इसका गठन भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ एक प्रभावी तंत्र के रूप में किया गया है।

प्रारंभिक सुझाव

लोकपाल की स्थापना का सुझाव सबसे पहले राजीव गांधी ने दिया था। 1960 के दशक में, भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री राजीव गांधी ने सरकारी अधिकारियों और नेताओं के भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ एक स्वतंत्र और प्रभावी निगरानी तंत्र की आवश्यकता को महसूस किया। उनकी पहल ने इस विचार को बल प्रदान किया कि एक ऐसी संस्था की स्थापना की जाए जो सरकारी भ्रष्टाचार की जांच और उसे समाप्त करने के लिए कार्य करे।

महत्वपूर्ण घटनाक्रम

राजीव गांधी का सुझाव:

राजीव गांधी ने लोकपाल की अवधारणा का प्रस्ताव 1968 में किया था। उनका उद्देश्य था कि एक ऐसा संस्थान बनाया जाए जो सरकारी भ्रष्टाचार की स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष जांच कर सके।

लोकपाल बिल का पहला प्रयास:

1971 में, भारतीय सरकार ने लोकपाल की स्थापना के लिए पहला विधेयक पेश किया, लेकिन यह विधेयक पारित नहीं हो सका। इस विधेयक की अस्वीकृति के बावजूद, लोकपाल की अवधारणा की आवश्यकता पर जोर लगातार जारी रहा।

हाल की पहल और बदलाव:

2011 में, अन्ना हज़ारे के नेतृत्व में भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी आंदोलन ने लोकपाल की स्थापना की मांग को नई शक्ति प्रदान की। इस आंदोलन के बाद, लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त विधेयक को 2013 में संसद द्वारा पारित किया गया। इसके तहत, लोकपाल की स्थापना की गई और यह एक संवैधानिक संस्था के रूप में कार्य करने लगी।

हाल के उदाहरण

लोकपाल की स्थापना:

2019 में, भारत सरकार ने नकुल दिग्गज को पहले लोकपाल के रूप में नियुक्त किया, जो भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ जांच करने और न्यायपूर्ण निर्णय लेने के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। इस नियुक्ति ने लोकपाल की संस्थागत प्रभावशीलता को वास्तविकता में परिणत किया।

समाचार में लोकपाल की गतिविधियाँ:

हाल ही में, लोकपाल ने सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों और सरकारी विभागों में भ्रष्टाचार की शिकायतों की जांच की और कई सुधारात्मक कदम उठाए। इसने सरकारी पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही को बढ़ावा देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है।

निष्कर्ष

लोकपाल की स्थापना का सुझाव सबसे पहले राजीव गांधी ने दिया था, जिन्होंने सरकारी भ्रष्टाचार की निगरानी के लिए एक स्वतंत्र और प्रभावी तंत्र की आवश्यकता को महसूस किया। उनके प्रस्ताव के आधार पर, बाद में लोकपाल की स्थापना की गई, जो अब भ्रष्टाचार की रोकथाम और सरकारी पारदर्शिता सुनिश्चित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहा है। लोकपाल की वर्तमान कार्यशैली और सक्रियता ने इसे एक महत्वपूर्ण संवैधानिक संस्था बना दिया है, जो भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ निरंतर प्रयास करती है।
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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 5, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

On 23rd March, 2019, who was appointed as the first Lokpal of India?

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Answer the question in maximum 10 words. This question carries 02 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Who was named the first Lokpal of India on March 23, 2019?

Ela Bhadoria Begginer
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:45 pm
Appointment of the First Lokpal of India Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose On 23rd March 2019, Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose was appointed as the first Lokpal of India. His appointment marked a significant milestone in the establishment of the Lokpal institution, which is designed to address corruption atRead more

Appointment of the First Lokpal of India

Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose

On 23rd March 2019, Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose was appointed as the first Lokpal of India. His appointment marked a significant milestone in the establishment of the Lokpal institution, which is designed to address corruption at the highest levels of government.

Background and Significance

Lokpal Institution: The Lokpal is an anti-corruption ombudsman appointed to investigate complaints against public officials, including the Prime Minister, Ministers, and senior bureaucrats. The Lokpal Act was enacted in 2013 following widespread public demand and the anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare.

Selection Process: Justice Ghose’s appointment was made by a selection committee led by the Prime Minister, which included the Chief Justice of India and the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha. This process aimed to ensure the impartiality and credibility of the appointment.

Recent Examples and Developments

Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose (2019-2022): As the inaugural Lokpal, Justice Ghose played a crucial role in setting the framework for the functioning of the Lokpal institution. His tenure saw the initiation of several investigations and the establishment of operational protocols for the Lokpal office.

Recent Developments: In 2023, the Lokpal continued its efforts under the leadership of the succeeding Lokpal. The institution has been instrumental in addressing high-profile corruption cases and strengthening transparency in governance. For instance, investigations into alleged corruption involving high-ranking officials and politicians have been a focus.

Conclusion

The appointment of Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose as the first Lokpal on 23rd March 2019 represented a significant step towards enhancing accountability and tackling corruption in India. His role and subsequent developments in the Lokpal institution highlight the ongoing commitment to uphold integrity and transparency in public administration.
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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 3, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

Explain any five forms of corruption identified by Central Vigilance Commission.

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Answer the question in maximum 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Describe any of the five corruption types that the Central Vigilance Commission has found.

Ayana Chopra Learner
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:45 pm
Forms of Corruption Identified by Central Vigilance Commission Introduction The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) plays a pivotal role in combating corruption within the Indian government. It identifies and addresses various forms of corruption that undermine public trust and efficiency. UnderstandRead more

Forms of Corruption Identified by Central Vigilance Commission

Introduction

The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) plays a pivotal role in combating corruption within the Indian government. It identifies and addresses various forms of corruption that undermine public trust and efficiency. Understanding these forms is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat corruption.

1. Bribery

Definition: Bribery involves offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in a position of authority.

Recent Example: In 2024, the Delhi Police uncovered a major bribery scandal involving officers accepting kickbacks from contractors for awarding tenders. This case highlighted the need for stringent measures to curb bribery in public services.

2. Embezzlement

Definition: Embezzlement is the theft or misappropriation of funds entrusted to an individual’s care, often by public officials.

Recent Example: The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) funds embezzlement case in Uttar Pradesh, where funds intended for health services were misappropriated by officials, underscored the severity of embezzlement in government programs.

3. Nepotism and Favoritism

Definition: Nepotism involves giving preferential treatment to relatives or friends in employment or other opportunities, while favoritism extends to preferential treatment for personal connections.

Recent Example: In 2023, the Bihar Government faced scrutiny over alleged nepotism in recruitment processes, where jobs were reportedly awarded to individuals based on political connections rather than merit, sparking public outcry and demands for reform.

4. Extortion

Definition: Extortion is the act of obtaining something, especially money, through coercion or threats.

Recent Example: In 2024, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation was involved in an extortion case where officials were accused of threatening contractors to force them into paying bribes for processing their contracts. This case highlighted the need for robust anti-corruption frameworks.

5. Fraud

Definition: Fraud involves deceit or misrepresentation to gain an unfair advantage or benefit, often financially.

Recent Example: The Rajiv Gandhi Foundation faced allegations of fraud in 2023 when irregularities in fund utilization were discovered, revealing how fraudulent practices can undermine the integrity of charitable organizations and public trust.

Conclusion

Understanding these five forms of corruption—bribery, embezzlement, nepotism and favoritism, extortion, and fraud—is essential for the Central Vigilance Commission’s efforts to promote transparency and accountability. Recent examples illustrate the persistent challenges posed by these forms of corruption and underscore the importance of effective anti-corruption measures.
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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 5, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

On whose recommendation does the President appoint the Central Vigilance Commissioner?

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Answer the question in maximum 10 words. This question carries 02 marks. [MPPSC 2023] The President appoints the Central Vigilance Commissioner based on whose recommendation?

Ela Bhadoria Begginer
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:41 pm
This answer was edited.
Appointment of the Central Vigilance Commissioner Recommendation of the Prime Minister The President of India appoints the Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. This process ensures that the appointment is made based on the advice and selection of the headRead more

Appointment of the Central Vigilance Commissioner

Recommendation of the Prime Minister

The President of India appoints the Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. This process ensures that the appointment is made based on the advice and selection of the head of the executive government.

Procedure for Appointment

Selection Committee: The appointment of the Central Vigilance Commissioner is guided by a selection committee, which includes the Prime Minister, the Home Minister, and the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha. This committee is responsible for recommending the name of the candidate for the position.

Role of the Prime Minister: As the head of the selection committee, the Prime Minister plays a pivotal role in the appointment process. The recommendations made by the Prime Minister are then submitted to the President for formal appointment.

Recent Examples

Suresh N. Patel (2020): Suresh N. Patel was appointed as the Central Vigilance Commissioner in April 2020. His appointment was made following the recommendations of the Prime Minister and the selection committee. Patel’s appointment was noted for his previous experience in the banking sector and his role in strengthening vigilance mechanisms.

Pradip Kumar Mohanty (2023): In August 2023, Pradip Kumar Mohanty was appointed as the Central Vigilance Commissioner. His appointment came after a thorough recommendation process led by the Prime Minister. Mohanty, who had a distinguished career in the Indian Police Service (IPS), was selected for his expertise in handling corruption and vigilance matters.

Conclusion

The appointment of the Central Vigilance Commissioner is a significant process that underscores the Prime Minister’s role in ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the country’s vigilance system. The President acts on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, ensuring a process that is both streamlined and reflective of the executive’s judgment in selecting a capable individual for this crucial position.
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TeamSupreme

Asked: September 5, 2024In: Challenges of Corruption

In which year was the United Nations Convention against corruption adopted?

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Answer the question in maximum 10 words. This question carries 02 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Which year did the UN Convention against Corruption come into effect?

Eshani Raman Begginer
Added an answer on September 6, 2024 at 4:28 pm
संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन: अनुमोदन और महत्व संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन का अवलोकन संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन (United Nations Convention against Corruption - UNCAC) एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानूनी ढांचा है, जो वैश्विक स्तर पर भ्रष्टाचार को रोकने और उसकी जांच करनेRead more

संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन: अनुमोदन और महत्व

संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन का अवलोकन

संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन (United Nations Convention against Corruption – UNCAC) एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानूनी ढांचा है, जो वैश्विक स्तर पर भ्रष्टाचार को रोकने और उसकी जांच करने के लिए स्थापित किया गया है। यह सम्मेलन भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ वैश्विक सहयोग और प्रयासों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।

अनुमोदन का वर्ष

संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन को 2003 में अपनाया गया। यह सम्मेलन पारंपरिक भ्रष्टाचार की कई प्रकार की गतिविधियों और इसके दुष्परिणामों को लक्षित करता है, और वैश्विक स्तर पर प्रभावी कदम उठाने के लिए सदस्य देशों को प्रेरित करता है।

मुख्य विशेषताएँ और उद्देश्य

भ्रष्टाचार की रोकथाम:

सम्मेलन ने भ्रष्टाचार की रोकथाम के लिए कई प्रमुख उपायों की सिफारिश की है, जिसमें सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की पारदर्शिता, राजनीतिक दान की निगरानी और सरकारी प्रक्रिया की पारदर्शिता शामिल है।

अनुप्रयुक्त दायित्व और सहयोग:

UNCAC सदस्य देशों को भ्रष्टाचार से संबंधित अपराधों की परिभाषा और उन्हें दंडित करने के लिए कानूनी ढांचे को लागू करने की दिशा में मार्गदर्शन प्रदान करता है।

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग:

सम्मेलन ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग को बढ़ावा देने के लिए उपाय सुझाए हैं, ताकि भ्रष्टाचार के मामलों में सीमा पार सहयोग किया जा सके।

नागरिक समाज की भागीदारी:

नागरिक समाज और मीडिया की भूमिका को मान्यता देते हुए, UNCAC ने पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सार्वजनिक भागीदारी के महत्व को भी रेखांकित किया है।

हाल के उदाहरण और केस स्टडीज

भारत की पहल:

भारत ने UNCAC को अपनाया और इसके अनुशासन के अनुसार भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ कई महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाए। उदाहरणस्वरूप, प्रवर्तन निदेशालय और केन्द्रीय सतर्कता आयोग ने UNCAC के दिशानिर्देशों के आधार पर कई भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी कार्यवाहियाँ की हैं।

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग:

UNCAC के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन के तहत, देशों ने क्रॉस-बॉर्डर प्रिवेंशन और एक्स्ट्राडिशन के मामलों में सहयोग किया है। मलेशिया और सिंगापुर के बीच भ्रष्टाचार के मामलों में सहयोग इसका एक अच्छा उदाहरण है।

वैश्विक समावेशिता:

वर्ल्ड बैंक और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष (IMF) जैसी वैश्विक संस्थाएँ UNCAC के दिशा-निर्देशों को अपनाकर भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ उपायों को लागू कर रही हैं।

निष्कर्ष

संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी सम्मेलन को 2003 में अपनाया गया था, और यह वैश्विक स्तर पर भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ एक महत्वपूर्ण कानूनी और नैतिक ढांचा प्रदान करता है। सम्मेलन के उद्देश्य में भ्रष्टाचार की रोकथाम, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग, और पारदर्शिता बढ़ाना शामिल है। हाल के वर्षों में, UNCAC ने भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी वैश्विक प्रयासों में एक मजबूत आधार प्रदान किया है और कई देशों ने इसके दिशा-निर्देशों के अनुसार प्रभावी कार्यवाही की है।
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