The northern and southern temples of India have major structural and architectural differences. Explain with examples.
The judicial system in India underwent significant development under British rule. The British established a hierarchical court structure with the Supreme Court at the apex followed by High Courts, District Courts and lower courts. This structure remains largely intact today. Key reforms and their iRead more
The judicial system in India underwent significant development under British rule. The British established a hierarchical court structure with the Supreme Court at the apex followed by High Courts, District Courts and lower courts. This structure remains largely intact today.
Key reforms and their impact –
- Charter Act of 1726 established the first Supreme Court in India marking the beginning of a modern judicial system.
- Regulating Act of 1773 introduced the concept of a hierarchical court structure and established the Calcutta High Court.
- Indian High Courts Act of 1861 established High Courts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta introduced the concept of appellate jurisdiction.
- Code of Civil Procedure 1859 standardized civil procedure across India.
- Indian Evidence Act 1872 codified the law of evidence, ensuring consistency in judicial proceedings.
The evolution of courts and legal frameworks during the colonial period shaped the current judicial structure of India in several ways –
- The British established court hierarchy remains in place today.
- The British introduced codified laws such as the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Civil Procedure which continue to govern Indian law.
- The British established an independent judiciary which has been maintained in post colonial India.
These reforms and the overall development of the judicial system under British rule have had a lasting impact on the Indian judiciary shaping its structure, laws and procedures.
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Northern temples These are famous for their curvilinear tower (Shikhara). Based on Kalinga, Bhumija, and Nagara style (to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it). We can see detailed carvings on the walls, depicting stories. An example is the Kandariya Mahadeva TempleRead more
Northern temples
These are famous for their curvilinear tower (Shikhara). Based on Kalinga, Bhumija, and Nagara style (to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it). We can see detailed carvings on the walls, depicting stories. An example is the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho. These temples are generally made as a compact and vertical structure. The concept of northern temples is based on the Alakapuri of Kubera, home to the god of wealth. We can see images such as Mithunas (erotic) and the river goddesses, Ganga, and Yamuna guarding the temple.
South temples
These sprawling complexes and pyramidal towers (Gopurams) are adorned with elaborate sculptures. Temples in the south follow Dravida (enclosed within a compound wall, the front wall has an entrance gateway in its center, known as Gopuram) and Vesara style. Based on the concept of Yamaloka of Yama. These are like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara, known as Vimana. In the Dravida style of temple, we can see the sculptures of fierce dwpalas or doorkeepers guarding the temple. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur exemplifies Dravidian architecture with its massive Vimana (tower above the sanctum) and extensive courtyard.
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