The northern and southern temples of India have major structural and architectural differences. Explain with examples.
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The northern and southern temples of India have major structural and architectural differences. Explain with examples.
The northern and southern parts of India have distinct architectural styles, reflecting the region’s cultural, historical, and geographical influences. Here are some key differences:
Northern Temples:
Southern Temples:
In a diverse country like India distinct temple styles have emerged due to historical, geographical and ethnic differences. Broadly the temples have been classified into Nagara style (north India) and Dravida style (south India).
Few areas where both architectural styles are similar are crucified ground plan and the Panchayatan style where image of the main god is placed beside four subsidiary gods. Example: Kashi Vishvanath temple, Varanasi and Brihadeshwar temple in Thanjore.
Northern temples
These are famous for their curvilinear tower (Shikhara). Based on Kalinga, Bhumija, and Nagara style (to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it). We can see detailed carvings on the walls, depicting stories. An example is the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho. These temples are generally made as a compact and vertical structure. The concept of northern temples is based on the Alakapuri of Kubera, home to the god of wealth. We can see images such as Mithunas (erotic) and the river goddesses, Ganga, and Yamuna guarding the temple.
South temples
These sprawling complexes and pyramidal towers (Gopurams) are adorned with elaborate sculptures. Temples in the south follow Dravida (enclosed within a compound wall, the front wall has an entrance gateway in its center, known as Gopuram) and Vesara style. Based on the concept of Yamaloka of Yama. These are like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara, known as Vimana. In the Dravida style of temple, we can see the sculptures of fierce dwpalas or doorkeepers guarding the temple. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur exemplifies Dravidian architecture with its massive Vimana (tower above the sanctum) and extensive courtyard.