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Cyber security
See lessCyber Security
Hey! Shivam here's overview for your asked question. Data mining is discovering patterns or unseen knowledge from large amounts of data. Example 1: Think of it as a treasure hunt where you are digging out useful information from large amounts of data instead of being after the treasure of gold. TheRead more
Hey! Shivam here’s overview for your asked question.
Data mining is discovering patterns or unseen knowledge from large amounts of data.
Example 1: Think of it as a treasure hunt where you are digging out useful information from large amounts of data instead of being after the treasure of gold. The found information then translates to decisions on smarter ways for businesses to move in, predict trends to come, and generally increase efficiency levels.
Example 2- when you go shopping online, data mining suggests to you some products you might be interested in, depending on some past purchases. It helps companies learn about their customers, detect fraud, and provide more effective services.
Data mining uses several techniques:
1. Classification: This involves categorizing data into predefined groups, such as “spam” or “not spam” emails.
2. Clustering: Unlike classification, this is a technique that groups data into similar groups based on similarities not predetermined; it aids businesses in finding customer segments.
3. Association: This reveals interdependence between data elements, like which items in a supermarket have often been purchased together.
4. Regression: It makes predictions, including the estimate of how much a house would sell for given the selling prices of previous houses.
5. Anomaly detection: This identifies outliers, like uncharacteristic transactions on a credit card which could indicate identity theft.
Data mining is essential in the current world as organizations have handled huge data, and such insights help them to be competitive, enhance customer service, and increase revenue.
Data mining in cybersecurity deals with meaningful detection of patterns pointing towards malicious activities that help to protect the systems from attacks.
A recent example shows the power of knowledge in cybersecurity: a boy from a tier-3 college went on to get great placement after specialization in this field. Such skills are in high demand as the industry seeks these skills more rapidly now because of the continuous rise in companies’ need for securing their systems from cyber threats.
See lessCyber Security
The cyber security framework plays a major role in tackling cyber threats via the National Cyber Security Policy (2013) which has made progress against digital threats since it's inception . Evaluation of cyber security framework: Strengths : 1)Legal and regulatory framework: The Information TechnolRead more
The cyber security framework plays a major role in tackling cyber threats via the National Cyber Security Policy (2013) which has made progress against digital threats since it’s inception .
Evaluation of cyber security framework:
Strengths :
1)Legal and regulatory framework: The Information Technology act (2000) and National Cyber Security Policy (2013) aim to detect cyber threats towards data protection and online transactions. The legal framework criminalizes cyber offences and develop country’s protection against threats.
2) Setting up institutions such as :
3) National Cyber Security Policy:Marks strategic objectives effective cyber ecosystem via promotion of research and development .
4) Focus on capacity building.
5) Provide indigenous solution: NCRF promotes participation of companies like TCS ,Wipro, Cyber ark etc for cyber defence.
6) Public-private partnership
Reforms to further strengthen defences:
1) Awareness campaigns: best possible way of defending threats is informed masses.
2) Continuous review and adaptation: dynamic scenario which requires regular evaluation and modification.
3) Increased budget allocation: both by government and private parties monitored by top management ( 10% of IT budget recommended).
4) Training programmes as recently announced by HM Amit Shah of training 5000 commandos .
5) Acts such as Digital India which would encompass A.I , cybersecurity and data privacy.
See lessBlockchain
Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding). Virtually anything of value can be tracRead more
Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network.
An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding). Virtually anything of value can be tracked and traded on a blockchain network, reducing risk and cutting costs for all involved.
Why is blockchain important?
Business runs on information. The faster information is received and the more accurate it is, the better. Blockchain is ideal for delivering that information because it provides immediate, shared, and observable information that is stored on an immutable ledger that only permissioned network members can access. A blockchain network can track orders, payments, accounts, production and much more. And because members share a single view of the truth, you can see all details of a transaction end to end, giving you greater confidence, and new efficiencies and opportunities.
Key elements of a blockchain:
Distributed ledger technology:
All network participants have access to the distributed ledger and its immutable record of transactions. With this shared ledger, transactions are recorded only once, eliminating the duplication of effort that’s typical of traditional business networks.
Immutable records:
No participant can change or tamper with a transaction after it’s been recorded to the shared ledger. If a transaction record includes an error, a new transaction must be added to reverse the error, and both transactions are then visible.
Smart contracts:
To speed transactions, a set of rules that are called a smart contract is stored on the blockchain and run automatically. A smart contract defines conditions for corporate bond transfers, include terms for travel insurance to be paid and much more.
Benefits of blockchain:
What needs to change: Operations often waste effort on duplicate record keeping and third-party validations. Record-keeping systems can be vulnerable to fraud and cyberattacks. Limited transparency can slow data verification. And with the arrival of IoT, transaction volumes have exploded. All of this slows business, drains the bottom line, and means that we need a better way. Enter blockchain.
Greater trust:
With blockchain, as a member of a members-only network, you can rest assured that you are receiving accurate and timely data. And that your confidential blockchain records are shared only with network members to whom you granted access.
Greater security:
Consensus on data accuracy is required from all network members, and all validated transactions are immutable because they are recorded permanently. No one, not even a system administrator, can delete a transaction.
More efficiencies:
With a distributed ledger that is shared among members of a network, time-wasting record reconciliations are eliminated. And to speed transactions, a set of rules that are called a smart contract can be stored on the blockchain and run automatically.
Types of blockchain networks:
There are several ways to build a blockchain network. They can be public, private, permissioned, or built by a consortium.
Public blockchain networks:
A public blockchain is one that anyone can join and participate in, such as Bitcoin. Drawbacks might include the substantial computational power that is required, little or no privacy for transactions, and weak security. These are important considerations for enterprise use cases of blockchain.
Private blockchain networks:
A private blockchain network, similar to a public blockchain network, is a decentralized peer-to-peer network. However, one organization governs the network, controlling who is allowed to participate, run a consensus protocol and maintain the shared ledger. Depending on the use case, this can significantly boost trust and confidence between participants. A private blockchain can be run behind a corporate firewall and even be hosted on premises.
Permissioned blockchain networks:
Businesses who set up a private blockchain will generally set up a permissioned blockchain network. It is important to note that public blockchain networks can also be permissioned. This places restrictions on who is allowed to participate in the network and in what transactions. Participants need to obtain an invitation or permission to join.
Consortium blockchains:
Multiple organizations can share the responsibilities of maintaining a blockchain. These preselected organizations determine who submit transactions or access the data. A consortium blockchain is ideal for business when all participants need to be permissioned and have a shared responsibility for the blockchain.
See lessWhat is the difference between ipv4 and ipv6?
The primary differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are. :- 1. Address Length : - *IPv4*: Uses a 32-bit address space, which allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. - *IPv6*: Uses a 128-bit address space, providing an exponentially larger number of addresses (about 340 undecillion). 2. AddrRead more
The primary differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are. :-
1. Address Length :
– *IPv4*: Uses a 32-bit address space, which allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
– *IPv6*: Uses a 128-bit address space, providing an exponentially larger number of addresses (about 340 undecillion).
2. Address Notation :
– *IPv4*: Addresses are written in decimal format as four octets separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
– *IPv6*: Addresses are written in hexadecimal format as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
3. Header Complexity :
– IPv4 : Has a more complex header with various fields, which can lead to higher processing overhead.
– IPv6 : Has a simplified header structure to improve processing efficiency and performance.
4. Configuration :
– IPv4: Can be manually configured or obtained via DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
– IPv6 : Supports auto-configuration and Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), reducing the need for manual configuration or DHCP.
5. *NAT (Network Address Translation)*:
– IPv4 : Often uses NAT to deal with address shortages by allowing multiple devices to share a single IP address.
-IPv6 : Designed to eliminate the need for NAT due to its vast address space, allowing every device to have a unique IP address.
6. Security :
– IPv4*: Security features like IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) are optional.
– IPv6 : IPsec is a mandatory feature, providing built-in support for encryption and authentication.
7. Broadcasting :- IPv4 Supports broadcast communication (sending data to all devices on a network).
IPv6 : Does not support broadcasting; instead, it uses multicast and anycast to achieve similar outcomes.
These differences make IPv6 better suited for the expanding needs of the modern internet, providing greater address space, improved efficiency, and enhanced security.
See lessCyber security
Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. This means that the sender and receiver must both have the same secret key, making it fast and efficient but requiring secure key exchange. Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryRead more
Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. This means that the sender and receiver must both have the same secret key, making it fast and efficient but requiring secure key exchange. Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This allows for secure communication without needing to share the private key, but it’s generally slower and more complex than symmetric encryption.
See lessCyber Security
Indian citizens should have a basic understanding of cybersecurity, including awareness of common cyber threats like phishing, malware, and identity theft. They should practice safe online behaviors such as creating strong, unique passwords, using two-factor authentication, and recognizing suspiciouRead more
Indian citizens should have a basic understanding of cybersecurity, including awareness of common cyber threats like phishing, malware, and identity theft. They should practice safe online behaviors such as creating strong, unique passwords, using two-factor authentication, and recognizing suspicious activity. Protecting personal data and privacy, managing social media security, and ensuring safe internet usage are crucial, as is securing devices with antivirus software and regular updates. Knowledge of Indian cyber laws, such as the Information Technology Act, 2000, and knowing how to report cybercrimes and respond to data breaches are also important. Continuous education on emerging threats and best practices is essential for maintaining online safety
See lessHow do cybersecurity measures protect against emerging threats, and what are the best practices for ensuring data security in a corporate environment?
Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure due to a number of factors: the ability of malicious actors to operate from anywhere in the world, the linkages between cyberspace and physical systems, and the difficulty of reducing vulnerabilities and consequences in complex cyber networks. ImplementRead more
Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure due to a number of factors: the ability of malicious actors to operate from anywhere in the world, the linkages between cyberspace and physical systems, and the difficulty of reducing vulnerabilities and consequences in complex cyber networks. Implementing safe cybersecurity best practices is important for individuals as well as organizations of all sizes. Using strong passwords, updating your software, thinking before you click on suspicious links, and turning on multi-factor authentication are the basics of what we call “cyber hygiene” and will drastically improve your online safety. These cybersecurity basics apply to both individuals and organizations. For both government and private entities, developing and implementing tailored cybersecurity plans and processes is key to protecting and maintaining business operations. As information technology becomes increasingly integrated with all aspects of our society, there is increased risk for wide scale or high-consequence events that could cause harm or disrupt services upon which our economy and the daily lives of millions of Americans depend.
See lessWhat role does blockchain technology play in enhancing cybersecurity and data privacy in scientific research?
Blockchain technology significantly enhances cybersecurity and data privacy in scientific research by ensuring data integrity, decentralization, transparency, and secure access controls.Data Integrity: Blockchain creates immutable records, preventing data tampering and ensuring the accuracy and trusRead more
Blockchain technology significantly enhances cybersecurity and data privacy in scientific research by ensuring data integrity, decentralization, transparency, and secure access controls.Data Integrity: Blockchain creates immutable records, preventing data tampering and ensuring the accuracy and trustworthiness of scientific data.Decentralization: By distributing data across multiple nodes, blockchain eliminates a central point of failure, making it harder for cyberattacks to compromise the system.Transparency and Audibility: Blockchain’s transparent ledger allows participants to verify and audit data transactions, ensuring accountability and traceability, which helps detect and prevent data fraud.Enhanced Data Privacy: Advanced cryptographic techniques, such as zero-knowledge proofs, protect sensitive data by enabling verification without revealing the data itself.Smart Contracts: These automate and enforce rules and protocols, ensuring that data sharing and access follow predefined conditions, thereby enhancing security and reducing human errors.Access Control: Blockchain provides secure and granular access control, allowing researchers to define specific permissions for data access and sharing, ensuring only authorized individuals can view or modify data.In summary, blockchain offers a robust framework for securing scientific research data, enhancing both cybersecurity and data privacy through its core features.
See lessCIA Triad
CIA Triad in Cyber Security The CIA Triad is a fundamental concept in cybersecurity that represents the three core principles of information security: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Understanding and implementing security mechanisms based on the CIA Triad is essential for safeguardingRead more
CIA Triad in Cyber Security
The CIA Triad is a fundamental concept in cybersecurity that represents the three core principles of information security: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Understanding and implementing security mechanisms based on the CIA Triad is essential for safeguarding digital assets and mitigating cyber threats. Here are key points regarding the CIA Triad and associated security mechanisms:
1. Confidentiality
Definition: Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is accessible only to authorized individuals or entities.
Security Mechanisms:
Encryption: Encrypting data helps protect information from unauthorized access by converting it into a coded format.
Access Controls: Implementing access controls such as authentication, authorization, and role-based access control (RBAC) restricts access to confidential data.
Recent Example: End-to-end encryption used in messaging apps like Signal and WhatsApp ensures that only the sender and intended recipient can access the messages.
2. Integrity
Definition: Integrity ensures that data remains accurate, consistent, and unaltered throughout its lifecycle.
Security Mechanisms:
Hash Functions: Using cryptographic hash functions validates data integrity by generating a unique hash value for a given set of data.
Digital Signatures: Digital signatures authenticate the integrity and origin of data, providing assurance that it has not been tampered with.
Recent Example: Blockchain technology employs cryptographic hashing and digital signatures to maintain the integrity of transactions in decentralized networks like cryptocurrencies.
3. Availability
Definition: Availability ensures that data and services are accessible and operational when needed.
Security Mechanisms:
Redundancy: Implementing redundant systems and backups ensures continuous availability in case of system failures or cyberattacks.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Protection: DDoS protection mechanisms prevent attacks that disrupt service availability by overwhelming systems with traffic.
Recent Example: Cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS) use redundancy and load balancing to ensure high availability of services to users.
Conclusion
The CIA Triad forms the foundation of cybersecurity principles, guiding the implementation of security mechanisms to protect information systems and data assets. By upholding confidentiality, integrity, and availability through encryption, access controls, hash functions, digital signatures, redundancy, and DDoS protection, organizations can establish robust cybersecurity measures to defend against evolving cyber threats and safeguard critical information. Adapting these principles and mechanisms to the dynamic cybersecurity landscape is crucial for maintaining the security and resilience of digital infrastructures in an increasingly interconnected world.
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