सेन्ट्रोमियर की स्थिति के आधार पर गुणसूत्रों का वर्गीकरण कीजिए। महागुणसूत्र पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिए । [उत्तर सीमा: 50 शब्द] [UKPSC 2023]
Kalu Mahra played a significant role in the Revolt of 1857, particularly in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. He emerged as a prominent leader who mobilized local communities against British rule. As a folk hero and a symbol of resistance, Mahra inspired villagers and peasants to rise up against colRead more
Kalu Mahra played a significant role in the Revolt of 1857, particularly in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. He emerged as a prominent leader who mobilized local communities against British rule. As a folk hero and a symbol of resistance, Mahra inspired villagers and peasants to rise up against colonial oppression.
His contributions were marked by his ability to unite various segments of society, including farmers and local artisans, to participate in the revolt. Kalu Mahra raised awareness about the injustices faced by the common people under British policies, particularly regarding land revenue and taxation, which had burdened the rural population.
Mahra led several uprisings and was instrumental in organizing resistance against British forces. His leadership provided a sense of identity and purpose to the local populace, encouraging them to fight for their rights and dignity. He was also known for his emphasis on indigenous cultural values, which resonated with the people and reinforced their resolve to challenge colonial authority.
Despite the ultimate suppression of the revolt, Kalu Mahra’s efforts were crucial in igniting the spirit of rebellion in the Kumaon region. His legacy continues to be celebrated as a testament to the bravery and resilience of those who fought against colonial rule, and he remains an important figure in the narrative of India’s struggle for independence.
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Post-independence Indian land reform programs Beyond eradicating colonial vestiges, Indian land reform programmes (working upon the British land alienation policies)[11] before, during and after the process of independence focused upon redistributing land among the landless, hept higher agriculturalRead more
Post-independence Indian land reform programs Beyond eradicating colonial vestiges, Indian land reform programmes (working upon the British land alienation policies)[11] before, during and after the process of independence focused upon redistributing land among the landless, hept higher agricultural productivity, promotion of social justice etc. Such reforms included abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, ceiling on land holdings and grant of surplus land to the landless.
The abolishment of intermediaries like zamindars and jagirdars is an important aspect of breaking these feudal patterns in our society. This measure redistributed power over the land, limiting landlords’ power and further securing the tenures of tenant farmers. The rollout, though national in scope, was uneven across regions, with some states getting better results than others, as evidenced by the differences in political will and administrative muscle.
Land Law: The Tenancy reforms would protect the tenant farmers as they had flexibility in terms of rent and the right to purchase the land they leased. However, these reforms had little effect due to insufficient enforcement of the provisions and the transformation of tenancy into sharecropping contracts, consistently putting tenants in a vulnerable situation.
Ceiling laws, meant to impose a ceiling on maximum landholding, were meant to redistribute surplus land to landless and small farmers. Despite such efforts, the actual distribution of land fell short of what had been hoped, in part because of legal challenges and the unwillingness of large landowners to divest themselves of their estates. In addition, the land that was redistributed was sometimes not well-suited for agriculture.
In sum, although land reform programs have made some progress towards remedying social and economic inequalities, their effectiveness has been limited due to their uneven implementation, legal loopholes, and political opposition. However, to achieve sustainable agricultural development and social equity, future land reforms should be more concerned with strengthening implementation mechanisms, equitable land distribution and small and marginal farmers.
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