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Social Justice

Social justice refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and responsibilities in a society. It involves ensuring equal rights, dignity, and access to public goods for all citizens, regardless of their social, economic, or cultural background.

Key aspects include affirmative action, anti-discrimination laws, social welfare programs, and empowerment of marginalized communities. Social justice is a core value of a just and inclusive democracy.

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Home/Social Justice/Page 13

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Vaishali Singh
  • 1
Vaishali SinghBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine how civil society and community-based organizations empower transgender people and fight for their rights. Also, evaluate how the government works with and supports these efforts.

upsc: transgender
  1. Vaibhav Mishra
    Vaibhav Mishra Begginer

    Community-based organizations (CBOs) and civil society play a critical role in empowering transgender persons and advocating for their rights. Their efforts complement and often drive governmental initiatives. Here's a discussion of their roles and an assessment of government collaboration and suppoRead more

    Community-based organizations (CBOs) and civil society play a critical role in empowering transgender persons and advocating for their rights. Their efforts complement and often drive governmental initiatives. Here’s a discussion of their roles and an assessment of government collaboration and support:

    Role of Community-Based Organizations and Civil Society

    1. Advocacy and Policy Change:
      • Rights Advocacy: CBOs and civil society organizations (CSOs) advocate for legal and policy changes that benefit transgender persons, such as anti-discrimination laws, gender recognition policies, and inclusive healthcare regulations.
      • Public Awareness: They raise awareness about transgender issues, challenging stigma and discrimination through campaigns, education programs, and public engagements.
    2. Support Services:
      • Health and Wellness: CBOs often provide essential health services, including gender-affirming treatments, mental health support, and general healthcare. They help bridge gaps in access to services and address specific health needs of transgender persons.
      • Legal Assistance: They offer legal aid and support to navigate issues such as name changes, discrimination cases, and access to rights and services.
    3. Economic Empowerment:
      • Vocational Training: Many organizations provide vocational training, employment support, and entrepreneurship programs to improve economic opportunities for transgender persons.
      • Financial Assistance: They offer financial support through grants, scholarships, and emergency aid to help transgender individuals overcome economic barriers.
    4. Social Support:
      • Community Building: CBOs create safe spaces and support networks for transgender persons, offering a sense of community and belonging. They facilitate peer support groups and social events.
      • Educational Programs: They run educational programs and workshops to provide information on rights, health, and social issues, empowering individuals with knowledge and skills.
    5. Research and Data Collection:
      • Advocacy for Data: CBOs and CSOs often conduct research and gather data on the experiences of transgender persons, advocating for better data collection and evidence-based policy-making.

    Assessment of Government Collaboration and Support

    1. Strengths:
      • Funding and Grants: Governments often provide funding and grants to support the work of CBOs and CSOs involved in transgender advocacy and support services. This financial assistance helps sustain their programs and initiatives.
      • Partnerships: Governments collaborate with CBOs and CSOs to implement programs, conduct research, and deliver services. These partnerships enhance the reach and effectiveness of initiatives aimed at supporting transgender persons.
      • Policy Support: Some governments work with CBOs to develop and implement policies that address the needs of transgender persons, incorporating recommendations from civil society into policy frameworks.
    2. Challenges:
      • Inconsistent Support: Support for CBOs and CSOs can be inconsistent, with some organizations receiving more support than others. This can create disparities in the availability of services and advocacy efforts.
      • Bureaucratic Barriers: Navigating bureaucratic processes to access government funding and support can be challenging for some CBOs, particularly smaller or grassroots organizations.
      • Limited Engagement: In some cases, governments may have limited engagement with CBOs and CSOs, which can hinder the development of comprehensive and effective policies and programs.
    3. Barriers to Effective Collaboration:
      • Political and Cultural Resistance: In regions where there is significant political or cultural resistance to transgender rights, collaboration between government and civil society may be strained, impacting the effectiveness of initiatives.
      • Resource Constraints: Limited government resources for supporting civil society efforts can restrict the scale and impact of collaborative programs.

    Recommendations for Improvement

    • Enhance Collaboration: Strengthen collaboration between government agencies and CBOs/CSOs by establishing clear communication channels, formal partnerships, and joint initiatives that address the needs of transgender persons.
    • Increase Funding: Provide more consistent and adequate funding to CBOs and CSOs working on transgender issues, ensuring they have the resources needed to effectively support their communities.
    • Simplify Processes: Streamline bureaucratic processes to make it easier for CBOs and CSOs to access government support and funding.
    • Support Research: Invest in research and data collection efforts conducted by CBOs and CSOs to inform policy-making and improve understanding of transgender issues.
    • Promote Inclusivity: Foster an inclusive approach in policy development and program implementation by actively engaging with CBOs and CSOs and incorporating their input into government initiatives.

    By addressing these recommendations, governments can better support the vital work of community-based organizations and civil society in empowering transgender persons, leading to more effective advocacy and enhanced protection of their rights.

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Sadiya Tahseen
  • 1
Sadiya TahseenBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In: , , , ,
  • 1

Why is depression and self-hate common among Gen Z? Is technology playing a role, or are parenting deficiencies contributing to this? How is society reshaping in this modernizing generation?

question
  1. Nishant Dahiya
    Nishant Dahiya Begginer

    Gen Z's high rates of depression likely stem from a complex web of factors. Social media with its curated feeds can fuel feelings of inadequacy and isolation. Constant exposure to global crises through 24/7 news cycles can feel overwhelming. Financial uncertainties and a competitive job market add fRead more

    Gen Z’s high rates of depression likely stem from a complex web of factors. Social media with its curated feeds can fuel feelings of inadequacy and isolation. Constant exposure to global crises through 24/7 news cycles can feel overwhelming. Financial uncertainties and a competitive job market add further stress.

    Technology itself isn’t inherently bad. However, how we use it matters. Parenting styles are adapting too. While some argue for stricter boundaries around technology, others emphasize open communication and teaching responsible digital habits.

    Societal shifts are also at play. Gen Z is more purpose-driven and socially conscious than previous generations. While admirable, this awareness of societal problems can be a burden. The good news? Gen Z is also more open about mental health, seeking help and destigmatizing the conversation.

    Understanding these factors can help us support Gen Z and build a more hopeful future.

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Rupali Sharma
  • 1
Rupali SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

What difficulties do older people in a youthful population like India face? Describe the main policy provisions that are targeted at this particular population category.

upsc: elderly
  1. Anil Bhargav
    Anil Bhargav Begginer

    According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the 'demographic dividend' phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderlRead more

    According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the ‘demographic dividend’ phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderly in India will continue to rise steadily to nearly double to 16% by 2041.

    Challenges faced by the elderly population in India:

    • Breakdown of traditional support structures: Increasing nuclearization of families, number of cases of neglect, crime, exploitation, and abandonment of parents and senior citizens are on the rise.
    • Psychological problems: These include a feeling of powerlessness, inferiority, depression, uselessness, isolation, etc.
    • Inaccessible healthcare facilities: There are gaps in the geriatric medical ecosystem, with limited manpower, ill-developed health infrastructure, lack of insurance, etc. Facilities provided by the government such as old age homes are in dilapidated conditions.
    • Lack of social security: A meagre assistance of Rs 200 (up to 79 years) and Rs 500 (above 80 years) is given through Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS).
    • Rural-urban disparity: Most of the facilities such as day-care centres, counselling centres etc. are in urban areas and are inaccessible for the elderly population in rural areas. On the other hand, due to the migration of young from rural areas, the relative population of old people is higher in rural areas.
    • Feminization of elderly: As per Census data, the sex ratio of the elderly has increased from 938 women in 1971 to 1,033 in 2011 with a predominance of widowed and highly dependent very old women.

    Taking into account the demographic explosion among the elderly, the changing economy and social milieu, advancement in medical research, science and technology and high levels of destitution among the elderly rural poor, a National Policy on Senior citizens was adopted in 2011. Other key policy provisions in this context are:

    • Income security in old age: To achieve this, financial assistance would be provided through IGNOAPS, food through PDS, concession in tax and loans at reasonable rates. Schemes like Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY) and Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) were started in 2017 for the same.
    • Healthcare: Efforts would be made to strengthen the family system so that it continues to play the role of primary caregiver in old age. In that direction, Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 is to be strengthened. Also, special programs will be developed for their mental and physical health. Therefore, National Program for Healthcare of Elderly (NPHCE) and Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (2017) has been started.
    • Housing: Ten percent of housing schemes for urban and rural lower income segments will be earmarked for senior citizens. Priority is given to families with senior citizens in PMAY. Shelter/old age homes are given grants under the Integrated Program for Older Persons (IPOP).
    • Productive ageing: The policy will promote measures to create avenues for continuity in employment and/or post retirement opportunities.

    The government should create an environment that provides senior citizens with equal opportunities, protects their rights and enables their full participation in society so that this potential ‘elderly burden’ converts into a ‘longevity dividend’. This will require investments in health care as well as a plan for increasing the retirement age.

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Ashwini Kumar Singh
  • 1
Ashwini Kumar SinghBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 1

What is the timeline of development of Aryan Invasion Theory? Has it really being debunked or does it still subsist? What evidences do we have regarding the alleged Aryan migration into India? Why is it such a volatile and controversial ...

artsculturehinduismhistoryindia
  1. Kartik Sharma
    Kartik Sharma Begginer

    The Aryan Invasion Theory has a complex and controversial history of development and interpretation. Here is an overview of the timeline and key points regarding this topic: Timeline of Aryan Invasion Theory Development: 19th Century: The theory first emerged in the 19th century, proposed by EuropeaRead more

    The Aryan Invasion Theory has a complex and controversial history of development and interpretation. Here is an overview of the timeline and key points regarding this topic:

    Timeline of Aryan Invasion Theory Development:

    1. 19th Century: The theory first emerged in the 19th century, proposed by European scholars who suggested a migration of Indo-European “Aryan” people into the Indian subcontinent and their subjugation of the indigenous population.
    2. Early 20th Century: The theory was further developed and popularized, associating the Aryans with the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of Vedic culture in India.
    3. Mid-20th Century: The theory faced increasing criticism and scrutiny, with scholars questioning the linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence used to support it.
    4. Late 20th Century: Many scholars began to reject the Aryan Invasion Theory, proposing alternative models such as the Aryan Migration Theory or the Indigenous Aryan Theory.

    Debate and Controversy:

    1. Debunking the Theory: While the Aryan Invasion Theory has been largely discredited by mainstream scholarship, there is still an ongoing debate about the nature and timing of any potential Aryan migration into India.
    2. Linguistic Evidence: The linguistic connections between Indo-European languages, including those spoken in India, are well-established. However, the interpretation of this evidence and its implications for population movements remain contested.
    3. Archaeological Evidence: The archaeological record does not show evidence of a large-scale invasion or sudden cultural change in the Indian subcontinent. Instead, it suggests a gradual process of cultural development and exchange.
    4. Genetic Evidence: Genetic studies have not provided conclusive evidence for a large-scale, sudden migration of people into India. The data suggests a more complex and gradual demographic history, with multiple waves of migration and admixture.
    5. Ideological Implications: The Aryan Invasion Theory has been used to justify racial and nationalist ideologies, which has made it a highly contentious and politically charged topic, particularly in India.

    In summary, while the Aryan Invasion Theory has been largely debunked by mainstream scholarship, the nature and timeline of any Aryan migration into India remains an active area of research and debate, with ongoing discussions about the linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence.

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Ishaan Chopra
  • 1
Ishaan ChopraBegginer
Asked: July 9, 2024In:
  • 1

What does the term “human capital” mean to you? Describe the relationship between the creation of human capital and economic development.

upsc: human resource & human capital
  1. Shruti Mankoti
    Shruti Mankoti Begginer

    The concept of "human capital" describes the monetary worth of a workforce's qualifications, expertise, and attributes, such as their health, education, and training. The efficiency and output of employees are improved by these qualities. Growth in the economy and the development of human capital arRead more

    The concept of “human capital” describes the monetary worth of a workforce’s qualifications, expertise, and attributes, such as their health, education, and training. The efficiency and output of employees are improved by these qualities. Growth in the economy and the development of human capital are closely related. Health and education improvements provide a workforce that is more capable and productive, which promotes creativity and technical breakthroughs. The resources required for additional investments in human capital are provided by economic development. Growing economies can boost healthcare, education, and training initiatives, starting a never-ending cycle of improvement. Economic development, in turn, maintains and improves human capital, resulting in a trained and effective labour force. Put simply, economic growth is driven by human capital.

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Dhruv Kapoor
  • 1
Dhruv KapoorLearner
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
  • 1

The current legal measures pertaining to the prevention of human trafficking were harsh and impractical. How comprehensive and forward-thinking is the recent legislation on human trafficking?

upsc: human resource & human capital
  1. Kamal Singh
    Kamal Singh Begginer

    A study by Azim Premji University estimates that nearly 230 million Indians have fallen below the poverty line since the pandemic. The vulnerable populace reeling under such desperation makes the perfect recipe for exploitation. One such form of exploitation is human trafficking. Even today, India lRead more

    A study by Azim Premji University estimates that nearly 230 million Indians have fallen below the poverty line since the pandemic. The vulnerable populace reeling under such desperation makes the perfect recipe for exploitation. One such form of exploitation is human trafficking. Even today, India lacks an overarching law on human trafficking although there are a multitude of laws that deal with different forms of trafficking. In such a context, the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill 2021 is both necessary and pertinent.

    The Existing Legal Provisions Related To Prevention Of Human Trafficking Were Impracticable And Punitive In Nature

    1. There are various existing provisions related to the prevention of human trafficking, such as; Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986, Bonded Labour Act, Immoral Traffic Act, Juvenile Justice Act, and various provisions of IPC.
    2. Definitions of offences, trafficking, and such other terms are very vague and narrow, keeping large sections of victims and criminals out of the ambit of the laws.
    3. There is no clear distinction between the trafficked and the trafficker in the existing legal provisions. It often leads to criminal treatment of victims.
    4. There are multiple loopholes such as trafficking in the guise of marriage or employment, etc.
    5. There is ambiguity in the prescribed process of rescue, investigation, relief, and rehabilitation. Often cases remain unresolved due to the complexity of laws, huge pendency before courts, and bureaucratic red tapism.

    How Far The Recent Law On Human Trafficking Is Comprehensive And Progressive

    1. Recent comprehensive anti-human trafficking law will treat survivors as victims in need of assistance and protection rather than as criminals.
    2. This law aims to unify existing anti-trafficking laws, prioritise survivors’ needs, and prevent victims such as those found in brothel raids from being arrested and jailed like traffickers.
    3. The draft legislation provides for special courts to expedite trafficking cases, more shelters, and a rehabilitation fund to help victims rebuild their lives.
    4. It also provides for anti-trafficking committees – at district, state, and central levels – that will oversee prevention, protection, and victim rehabilitation.
    5. The draft bill makes providing narcotic drugs or alcohol for the purpose of trafficking, and using chemical substances or hormones for purposes of exploitation, offences.
    6. The Bill has increased the scope of the nature of offenses of trafficking as well as the kind of victims of these offenses, with stringent penalties including life imprisonment, and even the death penalty in cases of an extreme nature.
    7. The fact that the NIA, which looks at national security concerns, will be the main investigative agency, ensures that cross-border offenses are also looked at.
    8. The Bill also extends beyond the protection of women and children as victims to now include transgenders as well as any person who may be a victim of trafficking and also does away with the provision that a victim necessarily needs to be transported from one place to another to be defined as a victim.

    Concerns Remain

    1. There are also concerns about the absence of community-based rehabilitation, the missing definition of reintegration, and also about the funds related to rehabilitation of survivors in the bill.
    2. Some experts working in the area have pointed out that in absence of rescue protocol there is always the fear of forced rescue of adult persons who may have been trafficked but do not wish to get rescued.
    3. There are also apprehensions that the proposed Bill will criminalise sex work and the choice of sex work as a profession.
    4. From draft Bill, it is not clear how the NIA as a nodal agency will gather information and intelligence from different parts of the country through Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) at the district level and State level.

    Human trafficking places vulnerable people in highly exploitative situations, stripping victims of their freedom and choice. Besides, it is a highly lucrative organised crime that amounts to a billion-dollar industry. The new Bill is victim-centric and prioritises the dignity, care and rehabilitation of trafficked victims. The Bill will have an impact on the lives of thousands of survivors of human trafficking across the country.

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Shreyas Rao
  • 1
Shreyas RaoBegginer
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
  • 1

India continues to have the lowest human development indicators even with its history of rapid growth. Analyze the problems that make inclusive and balanced growth difficult to achieve.

upsc: human resource & human capital
  1. Dolly Mehara
    Dolly Mehara Learner

    In recent years, India has enjoyed consistently high rates of growth. However, the country faces a critical challenge of high growth accompanied by persistent poverty and inequality. The Human Development Index (HDI) of India, which is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capitaRead more

    In recent years, India has enjoyed consistently high rates of growth. However, the country faces a critical challenge of high growth accompanied by persistent poverty and inequality. The Human Development Index (HDI) of India, which is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, is ranked 129th out of 189 countries in 2019. According to this index, Inequality and deprivation continue to be high in the country.

    Consistent High Economic Growth And Lower Human Development Indicators

    1. India’s economic growth post liberalisation remained high. In the last decade, GDP growth rate remained more than 5% reaching up to 11% in 2010.
    2. With an approximately $2.9 trillion economy, India is one of the largest economies of the world.
    3. Despite these economic achievements, India is home to 28 per cent of the 1.3 billion multidimensional poor in the world.
    4. India ranked 94 among 107 countries in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020 and continues to be in the “serious” hunger category.
    5. In gender inequality, India has a GII value of 0.501, ranking it 122 out of 162 countries in the 2018 index. The decline in women’s labour force participation from 31% to 24% means that India is among the countries with the lowest.
    6. Only 39 per cent of adult women have reached at least a secondary level of education compared to 63.5 percent of their male counterparts.

    Issues In Achieving Balanced And Inclusive Development

    Economic Issues

    Jobless growth and disguised employment: India created fewer jobs as compared to economic growth. Similarly, more than 40% of the workforce is employed in the agriculture sector with a GDP contribution of merely 16%. Such a huge workforce engaged in agriculture makes it disguised employment.

    1. Unequal Distribution of Wealth: India’s richest 1% of the population hold 42.5% of national wealth while the bottom 50%, the majority of the population, owns a mere 2.8%. Such huge inequality leads to poor human development.

    Social Issues

    1. Casteism is a historic and cultural issue plaguing Indian society, which leads to social exclusion and pushes communities such as Dalit and Adivasis into the vicious cycle of poverty.
    2. Gender inequality is also another social menace affecting the social and economic growth of India. Defined gender roles and gender-based discrimination affect the health and education of women.

    Poor Education And Health

    1. The commercialisation of education and declining quality of education in public schools produce an unemployable and unskilled workforce.
    2. Due to huge inequality and resource scarcity, access to quality health and education services becomes unaffordable for a large part of the population.
    3. India is home to one of the largest number of malnourished children in the world and 50% of the Indian women are anaemic. Such poor health conditions affect the ultimate productivity and trap people in poverty.

    Political Issues

    1. Indian politicians resort to Communal politics rather than a development agenda. Corruption and diversion of public money towards political gains rather than public welfare is a huge issue.
    2. Due to the lack of political will in critical aspects such as agriculture and migrant workers issues, we are not able to trickle-down economic growth to all the sections of the society.
    3. Passage of important bills such as the labour code bill is also pending due to misplaced political priorities.

    Way Forward

    1. Development initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (for financial inclusion) and Ayushman Bharat (for universal health-care) are crucial in ensuring inclusive growth with improvements in human development.
    2. A recent initiative to implement One Nation One Ration is also going to help in the elimination of hunger and malnourishment.
    3. Strategy planned under IndiaYash Thakur for inclusive growth, school and higher education, and universal health coverage, etc must be implemented on a mission mode.
    4. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, such as zero hunger, no poverty and gender equality with inclusive and sustainable growth, India should play the role of a welfare state in letter and spirit.
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Janani K
  • 1
Poll
Janani KBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In: , , , , ,
  • 1

  1. Kirti Sharvan
    Kirti Sharvan Begginer

    Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), an Indian multinational IT consulting and business services company, announced a significant layoff of around 15,000 employees in January 2020. The layoffs were reportedly a response to the company's efforts to reduce costs and improve profitability amid the ongoingRead more

    Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), an Indian multinational IT consulting and business services company, announced a significant layoff of around 15,000 employees in January 2020. The layoffs were reportedly a response to the company’s efforts to reduce costs and improve profitability amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

    The primary reasons behind the layoffs at TCS were:

    1. Cost-cutting measures: TCS aimed to reduce its costs to maintain profitability in a challenging business environment. The company faced downward pressure on its margins due to the pandemic, which led to a decline in demand for its services.
    2. Rebalancing operations: The layoffs were also part of TCS’s efforts to rebalance its operations and optimize its workforce. The company sought to adjust its employee base to match the changing needs of its clients and the market.
    3. Automation and digitalization: TCS is investing heavily in automation and digitalization to improve efficiency and reduce manual labor costs. The layoffs may have been a step towards achieving this goal by eliminating redundant positions and creating new roles that focus on high-value tasks.
    4. Client-driven changes: The company may have received feedback from clients that certain skills or services were no longer required, leading to a re-evaluation of its workforce and a reduction in positions that were not aligned with client needs.
    5. Shift to higher-margin services: TCS has been focusing on higher-margin services, such as cloud computing, data analytics, and digital transformation, which require different skill sets and expertise. The layoffs may have been an opportunity for the company to retrain employees for these new areas or exit positions that were not aligned with this strategic shift.

    It’s worth noting that TCS has historically been known for its strong employee retention rates, and the company has implemented various programs to support employees who were impacted by the layoffs, including outplacement assistance, career counseling, and training programs.

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Vamika Kohli
  • 1
Vamika KohliBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 1

Should developing countries such as India prioritize economic growth over stringent environmental regulations, given their need to improve living standards and reduce poverty? Why or why not?

climate changedeveloping nationseconomic developmentgreen economypolicy dilemmaspovertyquestionresource managementsustainabilitysustainable growthurbanisation
  1. Shehla Iram
    Shehla Iram Begginer

    The debate between economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries is  complex and essential . On one hand, economic growth is essential for improving living standards, reducing poverty, and providing better infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Many developing nations relyRead more

    The debate between economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries is  complex and essential . On one hand, economic growth is essential for improving living standards, reducing poverty, and providing better infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Many developing nations rely on industrialization, urbanization, and exploitation of natural resources to fuel this growth.  This often comes at the cost of environmental degradation, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. On the other hand, environmental protection is crucial for ensuring long-term sustainability and the health of populations. Developing countries face the challenge of balancing these competing priorities. A focus only on economic growth can lead to severe environmental damage, which in turn can undermine future economic prospects by depleting natural resources and causing health problems. Likewise , stringent environmental regulations can hinder economic development by increasing costs and limiting industrial activities. So, the solution lies in adopting a sustainable development model that integrates economic growth with environmental stewardship. This includes investing in green technologies, enforcing environmental regulations, and promoting practices that minimize ecological footprints. International support, through financial aid and technology transfer, is also important to help developing countries achieve this balance.

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Kshitij Agrawal
  • 1
Kshitij AgrawalBegginer
Asked: July 8, 2024In: ,
  • 1

  1. Geetha B
    Geetha B Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Agriculture, the backbone of human sustenance, relies on various resources. Let’s explore the primary types: Subsistence Agriculture: Description: Subsistence agriculture focuses on self-sufficiency. Families cultivate small plots, growing crops and raising livestock primarily for their own consumptRead more

    Agriculture, the backbone of human sustenance, relies on various resources. Let’s explore the primary types:

    1. Subsistence Agriculture:

      • Description: Subsistence agriculture focuses on self-sufficiency. Families cultivate small plots, growing crops and raising livestock primarily for their own consumption.

      • Characteristics:

        • Traditional Practices: Subsistence farmers rely on age-old techniques passed down through generations.

        • Local Resources: They use locally available seeds, tools, and knowledge.

        • Food Security: The primary goal is to ensure the family’s food needs are met.

        • Biodiversity: Subsistence farming often preserves heirloom crop varieties and diverse livestock breeds.

    2. Commercial Agriculture:

      • Description: Commercial agriculture aims for large-scale production to meet global food demand.

      • Features:

        • Monoculture: Vast fields of a single crop (e.g., wheat, corn, soybeans) dominate.

        • Efficiency: Machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides maximize yields.

        • Profit-Driven: Commercial farmers seek financial gains.

        • Supply Chains: Their produce feeds supermarkets, restaurants, and industries.

    3. Organic Farming:

      • Description: Organic farming emphasizes sustainability and natural practices.

      • Key Points:

        • Chemical-Free: Organic farmers avoid synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

        • Soil Health: They focus on maintaining fertile soil through composting and crop rotation.

        • Certification: Organic produce meets strict standards.

        • Environmental Stewardship: Biodiversity and ecosystem health matter.I HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR YOU.

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