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Bio-technology

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Home/Applications & Awareness in Technology/Bio-technology/Page 8

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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  1. vaishnavi sharma
    vaishnavi sharma Begginer

    TECHNICAL CONCERNS – In functional 3D models, organoids are not able to form complex vascular networks between tissues and vascular systems. This leads to a lack of nutrient and oxygen in cells as well as metabolic waste accumulation resulting in death of the structure.   Organoids developed frRead more

    TECHNICAL CONCERNS –

    1. In functional 3D models, organoids are not able to form complex vascular networks between tissues and vascular systems. This leads to a lack of nutrient and oxygen in cells as well as metabolic waste accumulation resulting in death of the structure.

     

    1. Organoids developed from the same stem cells result in different morphological structures. This is due to the fact that gene expression and protein degradation rates vary from cell to cell as well biomechanical stresses during tissue formation

     

    1. Organoids only mimic a part of the body not the whole body itself which limits researchers to tissue or organ specific functions.

     

    ETHICAL CONCERNS –

    1. Organoids are mainly derived from induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC). ESCs are derived from inner mass cell of in vitro fertilized blastocysts. Their extraction from embryos raises major ethical concerns over value of human life as well as its dignity.

     

    1. Donor-derived stem cells give rise to concerns regarding their usage for reasons other than those approved by the donor. It also raises questions about whether the donors have been appropriately compensated or not.

     

    1. Brain Organoids consists of neural entities of human origin which brings concern over whether these structures have cognitive abilities and human characteristics.

     

    1. Existing research has shown that these future treatments involving organoids may be extremely expensive which can result in unequal distribution of effective treatments based on socio-economic status.

     

    1. Organoids can be used to test harmful bio weapons and their effects on human life.

     

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Tinni Annie
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Tinni AnnieBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , ,
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  1. latha karunakaran
    latha karunakaran Begginer

    Scaling up production of biopharmaceuticals using microbial cell factories faces numerous challenges ; Yield optimization is critical, requiring genetic and metabolic engineering to enhance productivity. Maintaining product quality and consistency at larger scales demands stringent control over fermRead more

    Scaling up production of biopharmaceuticals using microbial cell factories faces numerous challenges ;

    • Yield optimization is critical, requiring genetic and metabolic engineering to enhance productivity. Maintaining product quality and consistency at larger scales demands stringent control over fermentation conditions and purification processes, addressing issues like contamination and variability.
    • Upstream challenges include optimizing nutrient supply, oxygenation, and scaling fermentation parameters to maintain optimal growth.
    • Downstream, efficient purification methods are crucial to achieve high purity and concentration of the final product.
    • Cost considerations are significant, encompassing equipment, raw materials, energy, and labor costs, impacting economic feasibility.
    • Regulatory compliance with GMP standards is essential, necessitating rigorous process validation and quality assurance.
    • Technological limitations may require adaptation or development of scalable bioprocessing technologies.
    • Managing environmental impacts and risks associated with scale-up, such as environmental footprint and supply chain disruptions, requires strategic planning.
    • Overall, successful scaling involves interdisciplinary expertise in microbiology, bioprocess engineering, regulatory affairs, and economics to overcome these challenges and meet demand for biopharmaceuticals effectively.
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Sivasri
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Sivasri
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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What are the challenges faced by biotech companies in gaining regulatory approval for new therapies or products?

question
  1. Aparna
    Aparna Begginer

    Biotechnology has been a modern-day boon to mankind and the recent advancements in the field have given desirable solutions in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, agricultural and medical industries. The fundamental principle of biotechnology is the exploitation and modification of microorganisms orRead more

    Biotechnology has been a modern-day boon to mankind and the recent advancements in the field have given desirable solutions in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, agricultural and medical industries. The fundamental principle of biotechnology is the exploitation and modification of microorganisms or their by-products for human or commercial purposes. After industrialisation, research peaked in this field and companies  utilise multi-disciplinary skills for inventions, however, there are many challenges faced by biotech companies globally and a few of them are listed below:

    a)Patents/Trademarks: These intellectual property rights make public availability of a certain invention (eg: a drug ) less prominent, as patented products can be sold at a massive price where it’s out of means to the poor and disadvantaged. Patents also prevent the commercial sale of similar products from other companies.

    b)Moral/Ethical issues: This aspect is more visible in gene therapy ( a medical treatment where a faulty human gene is replaced by an external gene thereby treating various genetic disorders) and even in ART (Assisted reproductive technologies). Ethical issues might arise as it might hurt someone’s religious sentiments and also DNA cloning can alter the human genome and a possibility of risk is present as well

    c)Exploitation of biodiversity and its resources is a common concern for companies to get approval as some inventions require abundant resources.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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What are the possibility of biotechnology in this new world? 

biotechnology new career
  1. Miss Dutt
    Miss Dutt Begginer

    Biotechnology involves the utilization of living organisms, cells, components, and molecular equivalents to create goods and services. It encompasses the transformation of raw materials into products with the assistance of living organisms. The fundamental principle of biotechnology is the utilizatiRead more

    Biotechnology involves the utilization of living organisms, cells, components, and molecular equivalents to create goods and services. It encompasses the transformation of raw materials into products with the assistance of living organisms. The fundamental principle of biotechnology is the utilization of biological systems and organisms to carry out specific functions or generate substances. Biotechnology is on the verge of revolutionizing various sectors in today’s world, tackling crucial issues and improving the quality of life. This field merges biological sciences with engineering, allowing for the manipulation of living organisms to create groundbreaking products and solutions. Key Impact Areas Healthcare: Biotechnology has transformed the medical field through genetic engineering, resulting in the development of life-saving medications, vaccines, and advanced therapies. Techniques like gene therapy and monoclonal antibodies are essential in treating conditions such as cancer and genetic disorders. Agriculture: Biotechnological applications in agriculture involve the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that exhibit greater resistance to pests and diseases, thereby enhancing food security and reducing the dependence on chemical pesticides. Environmental Solutions: Biotechnology plays a vital role in environmental restoration by utilizing microorganisms to eliminate pollutants and producing biodegradable materials to minimize waste. Industrial Processes: The industry is promoting sustainable practices through biofuels and bioplastics, contributing to a circular economy. Ethical Considerations Despite its potential benefits, biotechnology raises ethical issues related to genetic modification, the patenting of life forms, and impacts on biodiversity. Ongoing discussions and regulatory frameworks strive to strike a balance between innovation, societal values, and environmental conservation.

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Aparna
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AparnaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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  1. Mony Kumari
    Mony Kumari Begginer

    Artificial mice, often referred to as genetically modified or lab mice, are pivotal in scientific research due to their genetic, biological, and behavioral similarities to humans. These mice are employed in various research fields as follows: 1. **Genetic Research**: Researchers use genetically modiRead more

    Artificial mice, often referred to as genetically modified or lab mice, are pivotal in scientific research due to their genetic, biological, and behavioral similarities to humans. These mice are employed in various research fields as follows:

    1. **Genetic Research**: Researchers use genetically modified mice to study gene function and regulation. By knocking out or overexpressing specific genes, scientists can observe the resulting phenotypic changes, providing insights into gene roles and interactions.

    2. **Disease Models**: Artificial mice are created to mimic human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and cardiovascular diseases. These models help researchers understand disease mechanisms, progression, and potential treatments.

    3. **Drug Development**: Lab mice are used to test the efficacy and safety of new drugs before they proceed to human trials. This includes pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies to observe how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.

    4. **Immunology**: Mice with humanized immune systems are employed to study immune responses, vaccine development, and autoimmune diseases. These models are crucial for understanding human immune function and developing immunotherapies.

    5. **Behavioral Studies**: Researchers study mouse behavior to gain insights into neurological and psychiatric disorders. By manipulating genetic and environmental factors, scientists can observe the effects on cognition, memory, and social behaviors.

    6. **Toxicology**: Artificial mice are used to assess the toxic effects of chemicals, pollutants, and other environmental agents. This helps in regulatory assessments and establishing safety guidelines.

    Through these applications, artificial mice have become invaluable in advancing medical research, understanding human biology, and developing new treatments for various diseases.

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Monisha Murugesan
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Monisha MurugesanBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , ,
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bioentrepreneurshipbiotech venturesindian economystudent entrepreneur
  1. Arshita
    Arshita Begginer

    Early-stage biotech ventures face daunting challenges including scientific and technical risks associated with novel technologies, regulatory complexities demanding rigorous safety and efficacy standards, and substantial capital needs for research, clinical trials, and scaling production. Market entRead more

    Early-stage biotech ventures face daunting challenges including scientific and technical risks associated with novel technologies, regulatory complexities demanding rigorous safety and efficacy standards, and substantial capital needs for research, clinical trials, and scaling production. Market entry presents hurdles such as understanding competitive landscapes, pricing strategies, and navigating complex healthcare reimbursement systems. Intellectual property management is critical for protecting innovations amidst competitive pressures. Building skilled, multidisciplinary teams and forming strategic partnerships are essential amidst talent shortages and the need for specialized expertise. Uncertainties in scientific outcomes, clinical trial results, and market adoption heighten investor risk perception, impacting fundraising. Addressing ethical implications of genetic engineering and novel therapies, including safety, equity, and societal acceptance, is pivotal for regulatory approval and public trust. Successfully managing these challenges demands strategic planning, resilience, and a robust execution strategy to achieve sustainable growth and innovation in the biotech sector.

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Arshita
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ArshitaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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Role of ELISA in AIDS with reference to biotechnology

aidsbiotechelisarole of elisa
  1. Ruchit Ahuja
    Ruchit Ahuja Begginer

    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) plays a crucial role in the detection and management of AIDS, utilizing biotechnological advancements to identify HIV, the virus responsible for the disease. ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test that detects the presence of antibodies or antigens reRead more

    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) plays a crucial role in the detection and management of AIDS, utilizing biotechnological advancements to identify HIV, the virus responsible for the disease. ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test that detects the presence of antibodies or antigens related to HIV in a patient’s blood sample.

    In the context of AIDS, ELISA is primarily used for initial screening. The procedure involves coating a microplate with HIV antigens, then adding the patient’s serum. If HIV antibodies are present, they bind to the antigens. A secondary antibody linked to an enzyme is added, which binds to the HIV antibodies. Upon adding a substrate, the enzyme catalyzes a color change, indicating a positive result.

    Biotechnology enhances ELISA’s efficacy by enabling the production of high-quality, recombinant antigens and monoclonal antibodies, improving test accuracy and reliability. Moreover, advancements in biotechnology facilitate the development of more robust, rapid, and cost-effective ELISA kits, essential for widespread screening and early detection.

    Early diagnosis through ELISA allows for timely intervention, reducing viral transmission and improving patient outcomes. Additionally, ELISA is vital in blood screening to prevent HIV-contaminated blood transfusions, underscoring its significance in public health and biotechnology’s role in combating AIDS.

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Arshita
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ArshitaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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What are the types of enzyme immobilization

biotechenzymeenzyme immobilization
  1. Tutor
    Tutor Begginer

    Enzyme immobilization is a technique used to stabilize and reuse enzymes in various industrial and research applications. There are several methods of enzyme immobilization, each with unique advantages. Adsorption involves the physical binding of enzymes onto surfaces such as activated carbon or silRead more

    Enzyme immobilization is a technique used to stabilize and reuse enzymes in various industrial and research applications. There are several methods of enzyme immobilization, each with unique advantages. Adsorption involves the physical binding of enzymes onto surfaces such as activated carbon or silica through weak forces like van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. This method is simple and cost-effective but may suffer from enzyme desorption. Covalent bonding entails the formation of strong covalent bonds between the enzyme and a support material, providing high stability and resistance to leaching, although it can sometimes affect the enzyme’s active site. Entrapment involves encapsulating enzymes within a network of polymers like alginate or polyacrylamide gels, allowing substrate diffusion while retaining the enzyme. This method maintains enzyme activity but can limit substrate access. Encapsulation, similar to entrapment, involves enclosing enzymes in a semi-permeable membrane, protecting them from external conditions while permitting substrate and product passage. Lastly, cross-linking involves the use of bifunctional agents to form intermolecular links between enzyme molecules, creating insoluble enzyme aggregates that can be used directly. This method offers high enzyme loading and stability but can be challenging to control and optimize. Each method has specific applications depending on the desired properties and constraints of the enzymatic process.

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vaishnavi sharma
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vaishnavi sharmaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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Why is Bacterial Endotoxin Test a standard practice for quality assurance in the biopharmaceutical industry?

question
  1. Abhirami
    Abhirami Begginer

    The Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET) is a standard practice for quality assurance in the biopharmaceutical industry due to several reasons: Patient Safety: Bacterial endotoxins, also known as pyrogens, can cause severe adverse reactions in humans, including fever, inflammation, and even septic shock.Read more

    The Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET) is a standard practice for quality assurance in the biopharmaceutical industry due to several reasons:

    1. Patient Safety: Bacterial endotoxins, also known as pyrogens, can cause severe adverse reactions in humans, including fever, inflammation, and even septic shock. The presence of endotoxins in pharmaceutical products can pose significant risks to patient safety. The BET helps ensure that sterile products, particularly injectable drugs and implantable medical devices that come into contact with the bloodstream or spinal fluid, are free from harmful levels of endotoxins 
    2. Regulatory Compliance: Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require the testing of pharmaceutical products for endotoxins to ensure compliance with safety standards. The USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Test provides guidelines for endotoxin testing, and adherence to these standards is essential for regulatory approval and market authorization 
    3. Quality Control: The BET is an integral part of quality control in the biopharmaceutical industry. It helps identify and control potential sources of endotoxin contamination during the manufacturing process, including raw materials, water used in production, equipment, and packaging components. By implementing appropriate control measures, manufacturers can ensure the production of safe and high-quality pharmaceutical products 
    4. Process Validation: The BET is used for process validation to ensure that manufacturing processes effectively remove or inactivate endotoxins. It helps evaluate the efficiency of purification methods, sterilization processes, and cleaning procedures to minimize the risk of endotoxin contamination .
    5. Risk Management: The presence of endotoxins can be a result of various factors, including raw materials, water sources, formulation excipients, and manufacturing equipment. The BET allows for the identification and mitigation of potential risks associated with endotoxin contamination. By implementing appropriate control measures and conducting routine testing, manufacturers can minimize the risk of endotoxin-related issues in their products.
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Megha Langar
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Megha LangarBegginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In: , ,
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Biotechnology offers innovative solutions for waste management using improved technology. Justify the statement with a significant focus on sustainable development.

waste management
  1. Nanditha Chinni
    Nanditha Chinni Begginer

    Biotechnology is essential to the advancement of sustainability because it offers creative answers to some of the most serious problems facing agriculture and the environment. Biotechnology seeks to develop sustainable techniques for the production of food, energy, and industrial commodities by utilRead more

    Biotechnology is essential to the advancement of sustainability because it offers creative answers to some of the most serious problems facing agriculture and the environment. Biotechnology seeks to develop sustainable techniques for the production of food, energy, and industrial commodities by utilizing biological processes. Through the creation of genetically modified (GM) crops that are more resilient to pests, diseases, and extreme weather, biotechnology plays a role in sustainable agriculture. The environmental impact of farming operations is lessened when these crops are grown with less reliance on chemical inputs like pesticides and herbicides. Furthermore, biotechnology makes it possible to improve crop yields and nutritional value, addressing the problems of food security and malnutrition in an expanding world population.

    In the energy sector, biotechnology also promotes sustainable practices. The creation of biofuels from biomass—such as algae or leftover agricultural materials—offers fossil fuels a sustainable substitute. These biofuels have the potential to drastically lower reliance on non-renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the effective transformation of waste materials into valuable bioenergy is made possible by advancements in microbial biotechnology, which supports the circular economy. Bioremediation, the practice of employing microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, such as oil spills or soils contaminated with heavy metals, is made easier by biotechnology in environmental management. Compared to conventional procedures, this natural approach to pollution mitigation is frequently more economical and ecologically friendly.

    Enzymes and microorganisms are the main tools used in industrial biotechnology, sometimes known as “white biotechnology,” to create sustainable manufacturing processes. Compared to traditional industrial procedures, these technologies frequently use less energy and generate fewer byproducts, which lessens their total environmental impact. In conclusion, biotechnology plays a major role in advancing sustainability by providing creative solutions that boost renewable energy, reduce environmental pollution, improve agricultural output, and develop environmentally friendly industrial processes.

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