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Bio-technology

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Home/Applications & Awareness in Technology/Bio-technology

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 14, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 15 to 20 words. This question carries 03 marks.[MPPSC 2022] Which material makes up the majority of bacterial cell walls?

mppsc: bio-technology
  1. Guru
    Guru Enthusiast

    The primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan, also known as murein.

    The primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan, also known as murein.

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Anika Alam
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Anika AlamBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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question
  1. [Deleted User]
    [Deleted User]

    Somatic hybridization is the process of breeding new plants by fusing isolated somatic protoplasts taken from various body parts/vegetative tissues of plants except for reproductive cells.   Somatic hybridization Steps Fusion of Protoplast The protoplast is a cell devoid of a cell wall. The fusRead more

    Somatic hybridization is the process of breeding new plants by fusing isolated somatic protoplasts taken from various body parts/vegetative tissues of plants except for reproductive cells.

     

    Somatic hybridization Steps

    1. Fusion of Protoplast

    The protoplast is a cell devoid of a cell wall. The fusion of protoplasts can be achieved by three methods:

    • Mechanical fusion: fusion is done mechanically through placing the protoplasts on a depression slide.
    • Spontaneous fusion: enzymatic breakdown and lytic mechanisms of cell walls.
    • Induced fusion: fusion aided by using chemicals called fusogens like NaNO3, polyethylene glycol, etc.

     

    1. Selection of Hybrid Cells

    Not all the protoplasts fuse, some leftover protoplasts fuse to develop a heterokaryon.

    There are three methods for the selection:

    • Biochemical method: Biochemical compounds are employed to select the fused cell out of the total cells which are unfused. There are two methods:
      • Drug sensitivity
      • Auxotrophic mutants
    • Visual method: Cells grown on various media are separated visually. 
    • Cytometric method: In this method flow cytometry and fluorescent cells are used for easy selection of cells.

     

    1. Identification of Hybrid Plant

    There is a need to use some molecular genotyping to determine the hybrid plants that resulted from the development. 

    • Morphology: In  this technique hybrids bear some characteristics of both the plants easily recognizable.
    • Isoenzyme analysis: Isoenzymes are different forms of the same enzymes which can catalyze a different reaction.

    Symmetric and asymmetric: When the chromosome numbers are present corresponding to the parents.

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Layashree Phukon
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Layashree PhukonBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In:
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  1. Sakshi Goel
    Sakshi Goel Begginer

    The Biotechnology has introduced many innovative technologies that  transformed the traditional  Agricultural  into Modern Agricultural. These innovative approaches improve crop production, Make the plant pest resistance without the use of chemical, increase the shelf life of the plant and increaseRead more

    The Biotechnology has introduced many innovative technologies that  transformed the traditional  Agricultural  into Modern Agricultural.

    These innovative approaches improve crop production, Make the plant pest resistance without the use of chemical, increase the shelf life of the plant and increase the quality of the  plant Products.

    The Use of GMO (Genetically Modified Plant)- This techniques cause change in the genome of the plant so that whenever any pest attacked it released the chemical which kill the pest. The modified plant is called the Transgenic plant.

    Tissue Culture and Micropropagation– Tissue culture techniques allow for the rapid and large-scale propagation of plants from a small tissue sample, ensuring uniformity and health of plants and for production of disease free plant Micropropagation can produce disease-free planting material like bananas and potatoes.

    Biopesticides and Biofertilizers –  the use of biopesticides and fertilizers reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides derived from natural organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses) provide environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides

    Biotechnology in modern agriculture offers promising solutions to many of the challenges faced by traditional farming methods. It enhances crop productivity, promotes sustainable practices, and helps ensure food security in the face of a growing global population and changing climate conditions.

     

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Aasritha Reddy
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Aasritha ReddyBegginer
Asked: July 23, 2024In: ,
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What ethical concern Arise from the rapid development of biotechnology and genetic engineering?­

question
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Rapid biotechnology and genetic engineering advancements enable medical breakthroughs, crop enhancements and synthetic biology . The rapid development of biotechnology and genetic engineering raises several ethical concerns including - Privacy and informed consent concerns arise from unauthorized acRead more

    Rapid biotechnology and genetic engineering advancements enable medical breakthroughs, crop enhancements and synthetic biology . The rapid development of biotechnology and genetic engineering raises several ethical concerns including –

    1. Privacy and informed consent concerns arise from unauthorized access, misuse and sharing of genetic data and biological samples.
    2. Human enhancement raises ethical concerns over unequal access, societal pressure, unintended consequences and altering human identity and dignity indefinitely.
    3. Gene editing raises ethical concerns over safety risks, unintended off target effects, germline modification and permanent alteration of human genome integrity.
    4. Cloning raises ethical concerns over human dignity, individuality, reproductive autonomy, potential psychological harm and exploitation for research or commercial gain.
    5. Genetic discrimination concerns arise from potential misuse of genetic data leading to unequal access, insurance denial, employment bias and social stigma.
    6. Patenting life raises ethical concerns over ownership of biological organisms restricting access and commodifying nature undermining biodiversity and human rights.
    7. Environmental impact concerns arise from biotechnology and genetic engineering including unintended ecological consequences, contamination and irreversible harm to ecosystems.
    8.  Human animal hybrids raise ethical concerns by blurring species boundaries, potential suffering, dignity violations and uncertain moral and legal status issues.
    9.  Access and equity concerns arise from unequal distribution of biotech benefits exacerbating healthcare disparities and favoring privileged populations financially.
    10.  Regulatory framework concerns involve inadequate oversight, inconsistent guideline and lagging laws, risking unsafe innovations and unethical applications without accountability.

     

     

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Pooja Gondi
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Pooja GondiBegginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In:
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Why are rats commonly used as model organisms in laboratory research?

animal modelsbiomedical researchdrug testingethical researchlaboratory researchscientific methods
  1. Ayush goyal
    Ayush goyal Begginer

    Rats are often used in scientific research because they share many similarities with humans in how their bodies work. They have organs and systems—like the heart, lungs, and brain—that function in ways similar to ours. This makes them good models for studying diseases and testing new medicines beforRead more

    1. Rats are often used in scientific research because they share many similarities with humans in how their bodies work. They have organs and systems—like the heart, lungs, and brain—that function in ways similar to ours. This makes them good models for studying diseases and testing new medicines before they are used on people.
    2. Rats are also easy to keep in labs and breed quickly, so scientists can study them in large numbers. They are small and don’t need as much space as larger animals, which makes them practical for research. Their shorter lifespan allows researchers to observe effects over a shorter time.
    3. Overall, rats are chosen for research because they are similar to us in many ways, easy to work with in labs, and help scientists understand how treatments might work in humans
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Nargish Sanam
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Nargish SanamBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In: , ,
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Which crops are genetically engineered (GM/GMO)?

biologygenetically engineered (gm/gmo) plants
  1. Debojyoti Bhattacharyya
    Debojyoti Bhattacharyya Begginer

    Genetically engineered (GM) crops are designed to have specific traits, such as resistance to pests or tolerance to herbicides. Some commonly grown GM crops include: Corn – Many varieties are engineered to resist pests or herbicides. Soybeans – Commonly modified for herbicide resistance. Cotton – EnRead more

    Genetically engineered (GM) crops are designed to have specific traits, such as resistance to pests or tolerance to herbicides. Some commonly grown GM crops include:

    1. Corn – Many varieties are engineered to resist pests or herbicides.
    2. Soybeans – Commonly modified for herbicide resistance.
    3. Cotton – Engineered for pest resistance.
    4. Canola – Modified for herbicide tolerance.
    5. Sugar Beets – Often modified to resist herbicides.
    6. Alfalfa – Engineered for herbicide tolerance.
    7. Papaya – Modified to resist the ringspot virus.
    8. Squash – Engineered to resist certain viruses.

    These crops are cultivated globally and have become integral to agricultural practices due to their enhanced traits.

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Shweta Tandon
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Shweta TandonBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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  1. Prachi Parab
    Prachi Parab Begginer

    Gene silencing is a process that reduces or eliminates the expression of a gene. This can be achieved through various methods, including RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). In RNAi, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) bind to target mRNA molecules, leadinRead more

    Gene silencing is a process that reduces or eliminates the expression of a gene. This can be achieved through various methods, including RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). In RNAi, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) bind to target mRNA molecules, leading to their degradation and preventing protein production. ASOs are short DNA or RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and block translation or promote degradation.

    In cancer treatment, gene silencing targets specific genes responsible for tumor growth and survival. By silencing oncogenes (genes that promote cancer) or genes involved in angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), proliferation, and metastasis, it is possible to inhibit cancer progression. For example, siRNAs can be designed to target and silence the mRNA of oncogenes like KRAS or BCL-2, which are often overexpressed in various cancers.

    Challenges in gene silencing for cancer treatment include delivery, specificity, and off-target effects. Efficiently delivering siRNAs or ASOs to cancer cells without degradation is difficult, often requiring advanced delivery systems like nanoparticles. Ensuring specificity to avoid silencing unintended genes and minimizing immune responses are also significant hurdles. Additionally, off-target effects and potential toxicity can lead to adverse reactions, complicating treatment safety and efficacy.

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Tushar Kanojia
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Tushar KanojiaBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Describe different strategies of developing COVID vaccines?

question
  1. Sneha Kushwaha
    Sneha Kushwaha Begginer

    Developing COVID-19 vaccines involved several strategies. **mRNA vaccines**, like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce the spike protein found on the virus's surface, prompting an immune response. **Viral vector vaccines**, such as AstraZeneca and Johnson &Read more

    Developing COVID-19 vaccines involved several strategies. **mRNA vaccines**, like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce the spike protein found on the virus’s surface, prompting an immune response. **Viral vector vaccines**, such as AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material that encodes the spike protein, stimulating immunity.

    **Protein subunit vaccines**, like Novavax, include harmless pieces of the virus (often the spike protein) to elicit an immune response without using the live virus. **Inactivated or killed virus vaccines**, such as Sinopharm and Sinovac, use virus particles that have been killed, so they cannot cause disease but still provoke an immune response.

    **Live attenuated vaccines** use a weakened form of the virus, which can replicate without causing serious illness, generating a strong immune response. These strategies vary in terms of technology, manufacturing processes, and storage requirements. Each approach aims to teach the immune system to recognize and combat the virus, ensuring diverse and widespread protection against COVID-19.

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Vaishnavi Prabhushankar
  • -1
Vaishnavi PrabhushankarBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
  • -1

  1. ILMA ASLAM
    ILMA ASLAM Begginer

    Solution: Stretching of macromolecules refers to the process of extending large molecules, such as proteins or DNA, from their natural, coiled, or folded state into a more linear form. These large molecules, or macromolecules, are composed of many smaller units linked together. When force is appliedRead more

    Solution:

    1. Stretching of macromolecules refers to the process of extending large molecules, such as proteins or DNA, from their natural, coiled, or folded state into a more linear form.
    2. These large molecules, or macromolecules, are composed of many smaller units linked together.
    3. When force is applied, these molecules can be pulled or stretched out, which can reveal details about their structure and how they behave under stress.
    4. This stretching process is important for understanding how these molecules function in biological systems. For example, when DNA is stretched, it can provide insights into how it replicates and repairs itself. Similarly, stretching proteins can help scientists learn about their mechanical properties and stability.
    5. Scientists use various techniques to study the stretching of macromolecules. These include optical tweezers, which use light to apply force, and atomic force microscopy, which uses a tiny probe to physically pull on the molecules. Observing how macromolecules stretch and return to their original shape helps researchers understand their flexibility and strength.
    6. Understanding the stretching behavior of macromolecules is crucial for fields like genetics, biochemistry, and materials science, as it helps in designing better drugs, creating new materials, and improving our knowledge of biological processes.
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