MPPSC Mains PYQs

Tagore’s Concept of ‘Humanism’

Rabindranath Tagore’s concept of humanism emphasized a deep respect for human dignity, unity, and universal brotherhood.

1. Unity in Diversity

• Tagore believed in a world where individuals respect different cultures while acknowledging a common human bond.
• Example: His educational philosophy at Shantiniketan promoted an environment where students learned values of compassion and inclusivity.

2. Harmony with Nature

• Tagore saw humanism as inclusive of all life, encouraging harmony between humans and nature.
• He believed this balance nurtured compassion, reinforcing respect for both human and environmental wellbeing.

3. Spiritual and Cultural Growth

• Tagore advocated for freedom of thought and expression, fostering cultural and spiritual growth across societies.

Do the Means Justify the Ends?

The question of whether “means” justify the “ends” is a significant ethical debate.

1. Utilitarian Perspective

• From a utilitarian viewpoint, actions are justified if they result in the greatest good.
• Example: A manager might cut costs unethically to save jobs, believing the positive outcome justifies the process.

2. Deontological Perspective

• Deontological ethics argues that actions themselves must be moral, regardless of the outcome.
• For instance, lying to achieve a good result is still wrong because honesty is a duty.

3. Balancing Both Views

• In practical situations, a balance is often sought. For example, while transparency is valued, minor compromises may be accepted if public welfare is achieved.

While both perspectives offer insights, the ethicality of means often depends on context, making it a nuanced issue.

Kautilya’s Views on Civil Administration

Kautilya, in his Arthashastra, emphasized a practical and efficient civil administration to ensure effective governance. His views can be summarized as follows:

1. Centralized Control

• Kautilya advocated for a strong, centralized administration led by a competent ruler to ensure stability and lawfulness.
• Example: He suggested appointing loyal ministers to oversee key departments like finance, defense, and public welfare.

2. Public Welfare and Justice

• He emphasized that the state should work for the welfare of the people, including fair justice systems and welfare programs.
• Civil servants were expected to be responsive and uphold public trust.

3. Accountability and Efficiency

• Kautilya advised strict monitoring and evaluation of officials to prevent corruption and ensure accountability.
• Example: Officials were rewarded for performance but faced penalties for negligence or corruption.

Kautilya’s principles focus on a responsive, accountable, and just administration, setting a timeless model for governance.

Salient Features of Vivekananda’s ‘Universal Religion’

1. Unity in Diversity

• Vivekananda advocated for a religion that embraces the strengths of different faiths.
• Example: Embracing both the compassion of Buddhism and the devotion of Christianity.

2. Inclusive and Tolerant Approach

• He emphasized mutual respect among religions, promoting tolerance rather than conversion.
• Illustration: He saw all religious paths as valid, likening them to rivers that all lead to the ocean.

3. Practical Spirituality

• Religion should be action-oriented, with a focus on improving life for all.
• He encouraged helping the poor and education as part of spiritual duty.

4. Individual Empowerment

• Vivekananda emphasized that spiritual realization is possible for everyone.
• Example: He encouraged self-reliance and inner strength.

This universal vision aimed for harmony and progress, balancing spiritual values with societal needs.