MPPSC Mains PYQs

Lok Adalat, meaning “People’s Court,” is a system where disputes are resolved through negotiations and mutual consent between the parties involved, with the assistance of a panel of judges or legal experts. It was established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and is aimed at providing an accessible, informal, and speedy resolution to disputes at the grassroots level.

2. Key Features of Lok Adalat

• Voluntary Participation: The parties involved in a dispute voluntarily agree to resolve the matter through Lok Adalat.
• Informal Setting: Unlike traditional courts, Lok Adalats are informal, which helps reduce the fear and complexity of legal proceedings.
• Accessible: Lok Adalats are organized at various levels — district, state, and national levels — making them easily accessible to people in rural and remote areas.

3. Advantages of Lok Adalat

1. Speedy Resolution

• Cases are resolved quickly, often within a few hours or days, as compared to the lengthy litigation process in regular courts. For example, a Lok Adalat may resolve disputes related to cheque bounce, family matters, and motor accident claims in a much shorter time frame.

2. Cost-Effective

• There are no court fees involved, making Lok Adalat an affordable option for people who cannot afford expensive legal representation. This encourages people, especially from lower-income groups, to seek justice.

3. Mutual Settlement

• The parties voluntarily agree to a settlement. This helps preserve relationships, especially in family and civil disputes, as the solution is based on mutual consent rather than imposition.

4. Burden Reduction on Courts

• By diverting cases from regular courts to Lok Adalats, it reduces the pressure on judicial institutions. This helps in faster resolution of cases that require judicial attention.

4. Examples of Lok Adalat’s Impact

• In family disputes, such as divorce or maintenance cases, Lok Adalat helps reach a mutually agreed settlement, saving both time and emotional stress.
• In motor accident claims, Lok Adalats have successfully resolved compensation disputes quickly, benefiting both parties involved.

5. Conclusion

Lok Adalat is a significant mechanism for enhancing access to justice in India. Its ability to offer quick, cost-effective, and amicable resolutions makes it an indispensable part of India’s justice system. By resolving disputes outside the formal judicial process, Lok Adalats not only ease the burden on courts but also provide a platform for social justice, especially for marginalized communities.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is a statutory body established in 1993 to protect and promote human rights in the country. It acts as an independent institution to address human rights violations and ensure justice for victims.

1. Role of NHRC as Protector of Human Rights

The primary role of the NHRC is to safeguard and promote human rights as enshrined in the Constitution of India and international human rights standards. The commission works towards ensuring that citizens’ fundamental rights are respected, especially in cases where governmental bodies or public authorities violate them.

Key Responsibilities:

• Monitoring and Investigating Violations: The NHRC is responsible for monitoring and investigating cases of human rights violations, including those related to unlawful detention, police brutality, or custodial deaths.
• Recommending Redressal: The NHRC recommends actions to government authorities for addressing human rights violations and ensuring justice.
• Raising Awareness: The NHRC undertakes awareness campaigns to educate people about their rights and encourages them to report violations.

2. Functions of NHRC

The NHRC performs several functions aimed at the protection of human rights in India.

1. Inquiring into Complaints

• The NHRC has the authority to inquire into complaints of human rights violations either suo motu (on its own) or through petitions from individuals or organizations.

2. Recommending Actions

• After investigating violations, the NHRC can recommend action, such as compensation, disciplinary action against officials, or legal reforms. For instance, after the 2002 Gujarat riots, the NHRC recommended compensation for victims and improvements in police handling of such cases.

3. Promoting Human Rights Education

• NHRC organizes workshops, seminars, and training programs to promote the understanding of human rights among government officials, police personnel, and the public.

4. Ensuring Accountability

• The NHRC ensures that public authorities are held accountable for human rights violations, prompting reforms and improving governance.

3. Functions Related to Special Areas

• Children and Women: The NHRC works specifically to protect vulnerable groups like women and children from abuse, exploitation, and violence. For example, it has taken steps to ensure the enforcement of laws to prevent child labor and trafficking.
• Rights of Marginalized Communities: The NHRC also focuses on protecting the rights of Dalits, tribals, and religious minorities, ensuring their equal treatment under the law.

Conclusion

The National Human Rights Commission plays a crucial role in defending and promoting human rights in India. Through its investigations, recommendations, and advocacy, it works towards making the government accountable for its actions and ensuring that human rights violations are addressed effectively. By promoting justice, human dignity, and equality, the NHRC helps protect the fundamental rights of every individual in India.

The Basic Structure Doctrine is one of the most important judicial principles that emerged from the Indian judiciary. It holds that certain features of the Indian Constitution are so fundamental to its identity that they cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments.

1. Origin of the Basic Structure Doctrine

The concept of the “basic structure” of the Constitution was first propounded by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case (1973). The case involved a challenge to the 24th Amendment of the Constitution, which sought to give Parliament the power to amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights.

Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)

• In this case, the Supreme Court ruled by a majority that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter or amend the “basic structure” of the Constitution. This judgment was groundbreaking because it introduced the concept of “basic structure”, which was not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
• The Court did not provide an exhaustive list of what constitutes the basic structure but emphasized principles like secularism, democracy, judicial review, and republicanism as being part of it.

2. Evolution of the Doctrine

Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) – The Emergency Case

• The evolution of the basic structure doctrine was further solidified during the Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain case, which came during the Emergency period. The Supreme Court emphasized that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that would alter its fundamental framework. This case reiterated the principles laid down in Kesavananda Bharati.

Subsequent Cases

• Over the years, the doctrine has evolved through various rulings:
  • Minerva Mills Case (1980): The Supreme Court held that the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy is part of the basic structure.
  • Waman Rao Case (1981): The Court further defined that the basic structure doctrine also applies to amendments made after 1973.
  • Unni Krishnan Case (1993): The Court stated that the right to education is a fundamental right under the basic structure.

3. Key Elements of the Basic Structure

While the exact scope of the basic structure remains somewhat open-ended, several key elements have been recognized by the Supreme Court as forming part of it, including:

• Democracy
• Republicanism
• Secularism
• Rule of Law
• Judicial Review
• Federalism
• Separation of Powers

4. Impact and Significance

The Basic Structure Doctrine ensures that the Constitution’s core values cannot be changed by any amendments. This helps to maintain the Constitution’s integrity and protects the rights of the citizens from arbitrary changes by the legislature.

Conclusion

The Basic Structure Doctrine is a crucial aspect of India’s constitutional framework. It ensures that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, the fundamental principles that define India’s democratic and secular identity remain protected. Through cases like Kesavananda Bharati, the doctrine has evolved to become a cornerstone in maintaining the balance between the powers of the legislature and the protection of constitutional values.