MPPSC Mains PYQs

What is ‘Public Interest Litigation’?

Definition

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) allows individuals or groups to file cases in court on behalf of the public.

Key Features:

• Purpose: PIL is used to address issues that affect the general public, such as environmental protection or human rights.
• Example: A citizen can file a PIL if factories are polluting rivers, even if they are not directly affected.

It helps to protect public welfare when the government or authorities fail to act.

Two Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens

1. Duty to Abide by the Constitution

• Citizens must respect and follow the laws and principles laid out in the Indian Constitution, ensuring unity and justice.

2. Duty to Promote Harmony

• Citizens should work towards maintaining harmony, avoid violence, and contribute to the national unity, regardless of differences.

For example, respecting the national symbols or participating in national events like Independence Day helps strengthen unity.

Liabilities of Companies Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

1. Environmental Damage

• Companies are liable for causing pollution or environmental damage. If a company contaminates water or air, it can face penalties or be required to pay for cleanup.

2. Penalties and Fines

• Companies violating environmental standards can be fined or penalized. For example, a company discharging untreated wastewater into rivers may be fined heavily.

3. Strict Compliance with Environmental Standards

• Companies must adhere to prescribed environmental norms and obtain necessary clearances. Failure to comply can lead to legal action.

4. Liability for Hazardous Waste

• If a company mishandles hazardous waste, it can be held responsible for both cleanup costs and penalties under the Act.

These provisions ensure companies contribute to environmental protection and sustainability.