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Modern India

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Home/Modern India/Page 9

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Harish Sharma
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Harish SharmaBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
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In what ways did the incorporation of princely states into the Indian Union mirror political tactics employed after independence?

upsc: policy towards princely states
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The integration of princely states into the Indian Union was a deliberate post independence strategy led by Sardar Patel. It involved signing Instruments of Accession, democratization, centralization and reorganization ultimately unifying 565 princely states into modern India.The integration processRead more

    The integration of princely states into the Indian Union was a deliberate post independence strategy led by Sardar Patel. It involved signing Instruments of Accession, democratization, centralization and reorganization ultimately unifying 565 princely states into modern India.The integration process involved several key strategies –

    • The Instrument of Accession was a legal document signed by princely state rulers, ceding control over defense, foreign affairs and communications to India while retaining internal autonomy facilitating integration into the Indian Union.
    • Democratization was a strategy to integrate princely states by establishing democratic institutions, holding elections and transferring power from monarchs to elected representatives, promoting people’s participation and representation in governance.
    • Centralization was a strategy to integrate princely states by concentrating power and authority in the central government reducing the autonomy of princely states and promoting uniformity in administration, laws and policies.
    • Reorganization was a strategy to integrate princely states by merging, consolidating and reconstituting them into larger administrative units such as states and union territories to create a more cohesive and efficient administrative framework.

     

    In conclusion, the integration of princely states into the Indian Union reflects a deliberate post independence political strategy, employing instruments of accession, democratization, centralization and reorganization to unify 565 princely states, shaping modern India’s political landscape.

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Bhairavi Gauatam
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Bhairavi GauatamBegginer
Asked: June 28, 2024In:
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It took the combined efforts and sacrifices of many societal segments to win India’s independence war. Talk about the contributions that tribal women made to the fight for national freedom in this setting. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: freedom movement
  1. Dua Mohanti
    Dua Mohanti Begginer

    India's war of independence was won by the collective efforts and sacrifices of freedom fighters across gender and geographical lines. Tribal revolts and reform movements also played a significant role in setting the tone for freedom and exposing the exploitative nature of the British Empire. TribalRead more

    India’s war of independence was won by the collective efforts and sacrifices of freedom fighters across gender and geographical lines. Tribal revolts and reform movements also played a significant role in setting the tone for freedom and exposing the exploitative nature of the British Empire. Tribal women leaders have contributed greatly to shaping the freedom struggle and defending their land against colonial power.
    Following are the few among various contributors in this regard:

    • Rani Gaidinliu: Rani Gaidinliu joined the freedom struggle at the young age of 13. Gaidinliu belonged to the Rongmei clan of the Zeliangrong tribe in western Manipur.
      • She asked her tribesmen to refuse to pay taxes and called out for freedom. She was arrested and tried and sentenced to life imprisonment at the age of 16 by the British. She was released in 1947 after India became independent and continued to work for the upliftment of her people.
    • Putali Tamang: Putali Maya Devi Tamang from Darjeeling hills participated in the freedom struggle as a schoolgirl and actively tried to do her part by constantly keeping in touch with the Congressmen and collecting information about movements around the country.
      • She worked towards women equality in the political arena. With this objective, she formed a Mahila Samiti that produced khadi clothes, which served as symbols of the national movement. She also started a Harijan Samaj (Committee) in Kurseong, inspiring Dalits to take education.
    • Helen Lepcha: Helen alias Sabitri Devi from Lepcha tribe belonged to Sikkim. During the peak of the Non-Cooperation movement, she led a huge rally to Jharia coalfield in the year 1921 at the famous Mohammed Ali Park at Calcutta. She was also associated with Netaji Subash Chandra Bose and was closely involved in formulating Netaji’s escape plan to Europe.
    • Phulo Murmu and Jhano Murmu: These two sisters jumped into the battle fray with their brothers, and reportedly killed 21 British troops before they were martyred. The British brutally quelled the Santhal’s movement after killing over 25,000 tribal people. The Santhal Bidroho (revolt) of 1855-56 was in all probability, the fiercest liberation movement in India next to the “Sepoy mutiny” of 1857.

    Tribal women fought on the frontline in many tribal revolts such as the Pahariya mutiny in Chota Nagpur region in 1778, the Tanti mutiny in 1786, the Tamar mutiny in 1789, the Sardar mutiny in 1830.

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Diya Raman
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Diya RamanBegginer
Asked: September 25, 2024In:
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What impact did Annie Besant’s involvement in the Home Rule Movement have on Indian politics and public opinion?

upsc: contribution of personalities
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Annie Besant's work in the Home Rule Movement had a profound impact on public opinion and political consciousness in India. As a prominent leader of the movement she advocated for self rule and inspired Indians to demand greater autonomy from British colonial rule - Annie Besant's work in the Home RRead more

    Annie Besant’s work in the Home Rule Movement had a profound impact on public opinion and political consciousness in India. As a prominent leader of the movement she advocated for self rule and inspired Indians to demand greater autonomy from British colonial rule –

    1. Annie Besant’s work in the Home Rule Movement raised awareness through extensive lectures and writings, inspiring Indians to demand self rule and autonomy.
    2. Annie Besant founded the All India Home Rule League in 1916 mobilizing public support and providing a platform for self rule advocacy.
    3. Annie Besant’s influence on the Indian National Congress during the Home Rule Movement helped shift the party’s focus towards demanding complete independence from British rule with her presidency in 1917 marking a pivotal moment in the struggle for Indian independence .
    4. Annie Besant’s advocacy in the Home Rule Movement shifted the focus from moderate reforms to radical demands for complete independence and self rule.
    5. Annie Besant’s work inspired a new generation of Indian leaders including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose to join the independence movement.
    6. Annie Besant’s work in the Home Rule Movement significantly raised the profile of the Indian independence movement by promoting self government and national unity, inspiring widespread protests and demonstrations against British colonial rule .

     

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Jahnavi Bordoloi
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Jahnavi BordoloiBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
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What impact did the British policy of law and order have on India’s civil rights and liberties?

upsc: administrative policy
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    British law and order in India was marked by repression, surveillance and disproportionate force restricting civil liberties and individual rights.Here are some key ways in which British policies influenced civil rights and liberties in India - The British imposed various restrictions on civil liberRead more

    British law and order in India was marked by repression, surveillance and disproportionate force restricting civil liberties and individual rights.Here are some key ways in which British policies influenced civil rights and liberties in India –

    • The British imposed various restrictions on civil liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly and the press through laws like the Indian Press Act (1910) and the Rowlatt Act (1919).
    • The British criminalized dissent and opposition to their rule using laws like the Indian Penal Code (1860) to prosecute and imprison nationalist leaders and activists.
    • The British frequently invoked emergency powers to quell unrest and suppress opposition often suspending civil liberties and imposing martial law.
    • The British established a vast surveillance network to monitor the activities of Indians using informers, spies and other forms of intelligence gathering.
    • The British used excessive force to maintain law and order often resulting in violence and bloodshed as seen in incidents like the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919).
    • The British authorities were often unaccountable for their actions with few mechanisms for redress or justice for victims of human rights abuses.
    • The British approach to law and order had a profound impact on Indian society creating a culture of fear, mistrust and resentment towards the authorities.

     

    However, the British also introduced some positive reforms such as

    • The British codified Indian laws creating a more standardized and predictable legal system.
    • The British established a system of courts providing a framework for the administration of justice.
    • The British introduced some protections for individual rights such as the right to a fair trial and the protection against arbitrary detention.

     

    Overall, the British approach to law and order in India was marked by a tension between the need to maintain order and the protection of individual rights and liberties. While some positive reforms were introduced, the overall impact of British policies was to restrict civil rights and liberties in India.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 16, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 200 words. This question carries 11 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Describe the historical development of extension education in India before independence.

mppsc: development of education
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The historical development of education in India began with ancient institutions like Takshashila and Nalanda. The British colonial era introduced Western style education, followed by post independence expansion and modernization shaping India's complex and diverse education system.The historical deRead more

    The historical development of education in India began with ancient institutions like Takshashila and Nalanda. The British colonial era introduced Western style education, followed by post independence expansion and modernization shaping India’s complex and diverse education system.The historical development of extension education in India before independence can be traced back to the early 20th century. Here’s a brief overview –

    Pre-independence Era (1900s-1940s)-

    • The British colonial government introduced the concept of extension education to improve agricultural practices and rural livelihoods.
    • The Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed, aiming to provide financial assistance to farmers and promote cooperative farming practices.
    • Agricultural Extension Services (1910s) established agricultural extension services to disseminate modern farming techniques and improve crop yields.

    Expansion and Institutionalization (1920s-1940s) –

    • Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (1905) established in Pusa, Bihar, this institute focused on agricultural research and extension services.
    • Agricultural Extension Scheme (1930s) launched a nationwide agricultural extension scheme to promote modern farming practices and improve rural livelihoods.
    • Rural Reconstruction Schemes (1940s) introduced rural reconstruction schemes which included extension education as a key component.

    Legacy and Impact –

    • The pre-independence extension education initiatives laid the foundation for post-independence rural development programs in India.
    • These initiatives helped build capacity among rural communities, extension workers and government officials.
    • Despite these efforts, extension education services had limited reach and impact, primarily benefiting large landholders and neglecting the needs of small and marginal farmers.
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smridhi madan
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smridhi madanBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In: ,
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  1. Janice DSouza
    Janice DSouza Begginer

    Major Education Policies: 1. Curriculum and Standards: • USA: The curriculum is largely determined by individual states and local school districts, leading to significant variations. There are national guidelines like the Common Core Standards for mathematics and English language arts, but adoptionRead more

    Major Education Policies:

    1. Curriculum and Standards:

    • USA: The curriculum is largely determined by individual states and local school districts, leading to significant variations. There are national guidelines like the Common Core Standards for mathematics and English language arts, but adoption is optional.
    • South Korea: The Ministry of Education sets a national curriculum that is uniformly followed by all schools. There is a strong emphasis on STEM subjects and English language proficiency.

    2. School Funding:
    • USA: Funding comes from federal, state, and local sources, with a significant portion from local property taxes. This often results in disparities in resources between wealthy and poorer districts.
    • South Korea: Education is primarily funded by the central government, which helps ensure more uniformity in resource allocation across different regions.

    3. Standardized Testing:
    • USA: Students undergo various standardized tests like the SAT/ACT for college admissions and state assessments for K-12 accountability.
    • South Korea: The College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) is a highly competitive national exam that significantly influences university admissions. There are also frequent assessments throughout K-12 education to monitor progress.

    4. Teacher Qualifications and Training:
    • USA: Teachers must obtain state certification, which typically requires a bachelor’s degree in education, passing relevant exams, and completing continuing education credits. Teacher preparation programs vary widely.
    •South Korea: Teachers are highly respected and undergo rigorous training, often requiring a four-year degree from a teacher’s college, passing a national exam, and completing a mandatory induction period.

    5. Class Size and School Hours:
    • USA: Class sizes vary widely, with an average student-to-teacher ratio around 16:1. School hours typically range from 6 to 7 hours per day.
    •South Korea: Class sizes tend to be larger, averaging around 23 students per teacher. School hours are long, with a typical day running from 8 AM to 4 PM, often followed by after-school tutoring sessions (hagwons).

    6.Higher Education:
    • USA: Higher education is diverse, with a mix of public and private institutions, community colleges, and universities. The cost of tuition can be high, leading to significant student debt.
    •South Korea: Higher education is also highly competitive, with prestigious universities like Seoul National University, KAIST, and POSTECH. Tuition is generally lower compared to the USA, and the government provides various scholarships and financial aid.

    7.Focus on Education:
    •USA: There is a growing emphasis on holistic education, including extracurricular activities, arts, and physical education. There is also a focus on addressing educational disparities and promoting inclusivity.
    •South Korea: Education is highly valued, with intense pressure on students to succeed academically. There is a strong societal expectation for high academic achievement, which often leads to high levels of stress among students.

    Key Differences:
    •Curriculum Control: The USA has decentralized control with significant local variation, whereas South Korea has a centralized, uniform curriculum.

    •Funding Sources: The USA relies heavily on local funding, leading to disparities, while South Korea’s centralized funding aims for more uniform resource distribution.

    •Testing Emphasis: Both countries emphasize standardized testing, but South Korea’s CSAT has a more profound impact on students’ futures compared to any single test in the USA.

    •Teacher Training: South Korean teachers undergo more rigorous and standardized training compared to the more variable requirements in the USA.

    • Class Sizes and School Hours: South Korean schools generally have larger class sizes and longer school hours, including extensive after-school tutoring.

    •Higher Education: The cost and funding structure of higher education differ significantly, with South Korean students facing less financial burden compared to their American counterparts.

    •Educational Pressure: The societal and parental pressure on students to perform well academically is more intense in South Korea than in the USA.
    These differences reflect broader cultural, societal, and policy approaches to education in the two countries.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
  • 0

Answer the question in a maximum of 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] What was the system of Izara?

mppsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Sanaya Choudhary
    Sanaya Choudhary Begginer

    Izara System: An Overview Introduction The Izara System was a significant administrative practice in the context of Mughal India. It was implemented during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and later adapted by his successors. Understanding the Izara system is crucial for grasping the administrativeRead more

    Izara System: An Overview

    Introduction

    The Izara System was a significant administrative practice in the context of Mughal India. It was implemented during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and later adapted by his successors. Understanding the Izara system is crucial for grasping the administrative innovations and revenue policies of the Mughal Empire.

    Definition and Structure

    The Izara System refers to a revenue collection mechanism used by the Mughal administration. It was a form of land revenue management where the revenue was collected on a fixed basis from the landowners or cultivators. The key features of the system included:

    1. Revenue Assignment: The Izara system involved assigning the responsibility of revenue collection to individuals or agents known as Izaradar. These agents were given the authority to collect a fixed amount of revenue from a particular region.
    2. Fixed Revenue: Under this system, the revenue to be collected was fixed in advance, and it did not fluctuate with the agricultural produce or market conditions. This fixed revenue was based on the land’s potential and productivity.
    3. Lease System: The Izara system often worked as a lease system, where the land was leased out to the Izaradar for a specific period. In return, the Izaradar was expected to pay the fixed revenue amount to the Mughal treasury.

    Historical Context and Implementation

    1. Akbar’s Reforms: During Emperor Akbar’s reign, the Izara system was part of a broader set of administrative and revenue reforms aimed at streamlining the revenue collection process and ensuring stability. Akbar’s administration emphasized centralized control over revenue collection and land management.
    2. Post-Akbar Adjustments: After Akbar, the system continued under subsequent Mughal emperors but underwent various modifications. Each ruler adjusted the system based on their administrative needs and regional conditions.

    Recent Examples and Relevance

    1. Modern Administrative Analogies: The Izara system’s concept of fixed revenue collection can be seen in modern revenue collection systems where governments often set fixed taxes or levies based on property assessments or land use, although contemporary systems are more sophisticated and involve dynamic adjustments.
    2. Historical Analysis: Recent historical studies and analyses of Mughal administrative systems, such as those conducted by scholars like Irfan Habib and Satish Chandra, have provided deeper insights into the efficacy and impact of the Izara system on Mughal governance and revenue management.
    3. Comparative Studies: Comparative studies of land revenue systems in other historical contexts, such as the British land revenue system in India, often draw parallels with the Izara system to highlight differences and similarities in revenue collection and administration.

    Conclusion

    The Izara System was a pivotal revenue collection mechanism in Mughal India, characterized by fixed revenue assignments and lease-based management. Its implementation under Akbar and subsequent emperors played a significant role in shaping the administrative and revenue policies of the Mughal Empire. Understanding the Izara system provides valuable insights into the historical evolution of land revenue systems and their impact on governance.

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Bhumika teckchandani
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Bhumika teckchandaniBegginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In:
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  1. Roshan Khatri
    Roshan Khatri Begginer

    India's Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic welfare [1]. They are not enforceable by law but serve as a moral compass for governance [2].   **Key aspects of DPSP and their influence:**   * **Social Justice:** DPSP proRead more

    India’s Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic welfare [1]. They are not enforceable by law but serve as a moral compass for governance [2].

     

    **Key aspects of DPSP and their influence:**

     

    * **Social Justice:** DPSP promotes equal opportunity, fair wages, and upliftment of disadvantaged groups. These principles guide policies like reservations for education and jobs [1].

    * **Welfare State:** The DPSP emphasizes securing the right to work, education, and public assistance. This influences policies like Right to Education and MGNREGA (rural employment guarantee scheme) [3].

     

    **While not legally binding, DPSP principles are a significant reference point for judicial interpretations of laws and government actions.**

     

    **Sources:**

     

    * [1] Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) (Article 36-51) – Part-IV of Indian Constitution [byjus.com]

    * [2] Profile – Directive Principles Of State Policy [knowindia.india.gov.in]

    * [3] What is MGNREGA? [ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act [MGNREGA]]([https://nrega.nic.in/](https://nrega.nic.in/))

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