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Modern India

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Home/Modern India/Page 5

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Jeevan Prasad
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Jeevan PrasadBegginer
Asked: September 21, 2024In:
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What administrative powers were intended to be centralized in British India by the 1833 Charter Act?

upsc: constitutional development (1773-1858)
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The Charter Act of 1833 abolished the East India Company's commercial functions established a centralized government in India and introduced a unified administrative system marking a significant shift towards British Crown rule in India.The 1833 Charter Act aimed to centralize administrative power iRead more

    The Charter Act of 1833 abolished the East India Company’s commercial functions established a centralized government in India and introduced a unified administrative system marking a significant shift towards British Crown rule in India.The 1833 Charter Act aimed to centralize administrative power in British India in several ways –

    • The Act created a centralized government in India with the Governor General of India as the supreme authority.
    • The Act ended the East India Company’s commercial activities making the British Crown responsible for governing India.
    • The Act established a Legislative Council which had the power to make laws for the entire country, further centralizing authority.
    • The Act reduced the autonomy of provincial governments bringing them under the direct control of the Governor General.
    • The Act introduced a unified administrative system with a standardized hierarchy of officials and a centralized bureaucracy.

     

    By implementing these changes, the 1833 Charter Act significantly centralized administrative power in British India laying the foundation for a more unified and authoritarian colonial state.

     

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Vamika Kohli
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Vamika KohliBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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Should developing countries such as India prioritize economic growth over stringent environmental regulations, given their need to improve living standards and reduce poverty? Why or why not?

climate changedeveloping nationseconomic developmentgreen economypolicy dilemmaspovertyquestionresource managementsustainabilitysustainable growthurbanisation
  1. Shehla Iram
    Shehla Iram Begginer

    The debate between economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries is  complex and essential . On one hand, economic growth is essential for improving living standards, reducing poverty, and providing better infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Many developing nations relyRead more

    The debate between economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries is  complex and essential . On one hand, economic growth is essential for improving living standards, reducing poverty, and providing better infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Many developing nations rely on industrialization, urbanization, and exploitation of natural resources to fuel this growth.  This often comes at the cost of environmental degradation, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. On the other hand, environmental protection is crucial for ensuring long-term sustainability and the health of populations. Developing countries face the challenge of balancing these competing priorities. A focus only on economic growth can lead to severe environmental damage, which in turn can undermine future economic prospects by depleting natural resources and causing health problems. Likewise , stringent environmental regulations can hinder economic development by increasing costs and limiting industrial activities. So, the solution lies in adopting a sustainable development model that integrates economic growth with environmental stewardship. This includes investing in green technologies, enforcing environmental regulations, and promoting practices that minimize ecological footprints. International support, through financial aid and technology transfer, is also important to help developing countries achieve this balance.

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ksan123
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ksan123Begginer
Asked: September 1, 2024In: , , , , ,
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cinemaidentityquestionreligion
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    In India, the distinct "rationalities" of religion and cinema can complicate the assembling of public opinion and public interest in several ways - Religion and cinema operate on different logical and epistemological frameworks. Religion often relies on faith, tradition and scripture while cinema emRead more

    In India, the distinct “rationalities” of religion and cinema can complicate the assembling of public opinion and public interest in several ways –

    • Religion and cinema operate on different logical and epistemological frameworks. Religion often relies on faith, tradition and scripture while cinema employs narrative, emotion and visual storytelling. This divergence can lead to conflicting perspectives on issues.
    • Cinema often appeals to emotions while religion can evoke strong emotional and moral commitments. In contrast, public interest and opinion often require rational evidence based discussions. The interplay between emotional and rational appeals can complicate public discourse.
    • Cinema can perpetuate or challenge dominant religious and cultural narratives. However, misrepresentation or stereotyping in films can reinforce biases and prejudices influencing public opinion and interest.
    • Religion and cinema can both be mobilized for identity politics where groups rally around shared beliefs, values or interests. This can lead to the polarization of public opinion and the marginalization of minority voices.
    • Cinema in particular has the power to shape public perception and influence cultural narratives. When films tackle religious themes or issues they can impact how audiences understand and engage with these topics, which can in turn affect public opinion and interest.
    • India’s secular and pluralistic democracy requires navigating diverse religious and cultural identities. The intersection of religion and cinema can test these values as different groups may have competing demands and expectations.
    • The representation of religious minorities or marginalized groups in cinema can be fraught with power dynamics. Dominant groups may wield more influence over narratives, perpetuating biases or stereotypes that can impact public opinion.

     

    In summary, the distinct rationalities of religion and cinema in India can complicate the assembling of public opinion and public interest by introducing divergent worldviews, emotional appeals and representations that can influence, polarize or marginalize different groups and voices.

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Jahnavi Bordoloi
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Jahnavi BordoloiBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
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Talk about how well British revenue policies worked to alleviate rural hardship and financial exploitation.

upsc: administrative policy
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The British revenue policies in colonial India had a significant impact on the agrarian sector, but their effectiveness in addressing agrarian distress and economic exploitation is a matter of debate. Ineffective in Addressing Agrarian Distress - The Ryotwari system, introduced in the 19th century lRead more

    The British revenue policies in colonial India had a significant impact on the agrarian sector, but their effectiveness in addressing agrarian distress and economic exploitation is a matter of debate.

    Ineffective in Addressing Agrarian Distress –

    • The Ryotwari system, introduced in the 19th century led to the exploitation of peasants by revenue collectors and moneylenders.
    • The British imposed high revenue demands on peasants leading to widespread poverty, debt and land alienation.
    • The British revenue policies did not encourage investment in agriculture leading to stagnation in agricultural productivity and rural development.

    Contributed to Economic Exploitation –

    • The British revenue policies led to a significant drain of wealth from India to Britain contributing to economic exploitation.
    • The British imposed unequal taxation on Indians with the burden falling disproportionately on the peasantry and working class.
    • The revenue policies supported colonial interests such as the expansion of British trade and industry at the expense of Indian economic development.

    Limited Reforms –

    • The British introduced some famine relief measures such as the Famine Relief Code but these were inadequate and often ineffective.
    • Some tenancy reforms were introduced but these did not address the underlying issues of exploitation and poverty.
    • Limited land reforms were introduced but these did not redistribute land or address the issue of landlessness.

     

    In conclusion, the British revenue policies in colonial India were ineffective in addressing agrarian distress and economic exploitation. Instead, they contributed to the exploitation of the peasantry and working class supported colonial interests at the expense of Indian economic development.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 1, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce the context of famines in colonial India, emphasizing the timeline starting from the mid-eighteenth century. State the significance of understanding the causes behind the increase in famines. 2. Key Factors Contributing to Famines Agricultural Policies: Discuss the impact ...

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The mid-eighteenth century marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, which significantly altered the social and economic landscape. One of the most catastrophic consequences of this period was the alarming increase in famines, leading to widespread starvationRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The mid-eighteenth century marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, which significantly altered the social and economic landscape. One of the most catastrophic consequences of this period was the alarming increase in famines, leading to widespread starvation and loss of life among the Indian populace.

    Body

    1. Agricultural Policies

    British land revenue policies, such as the Permanent Settlement of 1793, imposed heavy tax burdens on farmers, discouraging investment in agricultural improvements. The Ryotwari System further intensified these pressures, leading to financial strain and reduced agricultural productivity (Source: “The Economic History of India” by B.R. Tomlinson).

    2. Cash Crops and Commercialization

    The British encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium, which resulted in a decline in food crop production. This shift made the Indian population increasingly vulnerable to food shortages and famines, as local food supplies were sacrificed for export (Source: “Colonialism in India: A Historical Perspective” by Prakash Chandra).

    3. Inadequate Infrastructure

    While the British developed extensive rail networks, they neglected agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation systems. This lack of investment in irrigation made farming more susceptible to droughts and crop failures (Source: “The Famine in India” by D. K. Das).

    4. Economic Exploitation

    The British extraction of resources through heavy taxation and trade imbalances led to widespread poverty. Dadabhai Naoroji’s theory of the “drain of wealth” underscores how colonial policies depleted India’s wealth, leaving little for famine relief efforts (Source: “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India”).

    5. Inadequate Famine Relief Measures

    The colonial government’s response to famines was often inadequate and delayed. During the Orissa famine of 1866, relief measures were criticized for prioritizing law and order over immediate aid (Source: “Famines and Feasts: The Influence of Colonial Policy on the Indian Famine of 1866” by M. K. Puri).

    6. Ecological Factors

    Deforestation for agricultural expansion exacerbated drought conditions, leading to more frequent famines. For instance, deforestation in the Central Provinces and Berar caused significant ecological imbalances (Source: “The Ecological History of India” by R. R. Nair).

    Conclusion

    The famines during colonial India were a direct result of exploitative British policies, ecological degradation, and inadequate government response. These factors not only caused loss of life but also left a lasting impact on the Indian economy and society, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices and equitable resource management.

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Jayesh Malhotra
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Jayesh MalhotraBegginer
Asked: September 23, 2024In:
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Discuss the significance of the Indian Penal Code of 1860 in standardizing legal practices across India.

upsc: development of judiciary under british
  1. Ashmita Dutta
    Ashmita Dutta Begginer

    The Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860 was a landmark legislation in the history of Indian law, playing a crucial role in standardizing legal practices across the country. Here are some key points highlighting its significance: Uniform Legal Framework: The IPC provided a comprehensive and uniform codeRead more

    The Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860 was a landmark legislation in the history of Indian law, playing a crucial role in standardizing legal practices across the country. Here are some key points highlighting its significance:

    Uniform Legal Framework: The IPC provided a comprehensive and uniform code for criminal law applicable across India, replacing the diverse and often inconsistent legal systems that existed under various local customs and laws.

    Centralization of Criminal Law: By centralizing criminal law, the IPC helped to create a cohesive legal framework that was enforceable in all jurisdictions. This reduced ambiguity and confusion caused by multiple legal codes and practices.

    Clarity and Structure: The IPC structured criminal offenses and penalties clearly, making the law more accessible to both legal practitioners and the general public. This clarity helped in understanding legal rights and obligations.

    Incorporation of Western Legal Concepts: The IPC introduced Western legal principles, such as the definition of crimes, the distinction between various offenses, and the concept of culpability. This brought Indian criminal law in line with contemporary legal standards.

    Protection of Fundamental Rights: The IPC included provisions aimed at protecting individuals from arbitrary punishment and ensuring fair trial rights, contributing to the broader framework of justice and individual rights.

    Reduction of Arbitrary Justice: By codifying laws, the IPC reduced the scope for arbitrary interpretation and enforcement of laws by local authorities. This promoted consistency in legal proceedings and sentencing.

    Facilitation of Judicial Processes: The IPC laid the groundwork for a more organized judicial process, streamlining the prosecution of criminal offenses and establishing clear guidelines for judges and legal practitioners.

    Adaptability and Amendments: While it established a standardized legal framework, the IPC has also allowed for amendments to address changing social norms and emerging issues, demonstrating its flexibility in evolving with society.

    Influence on Subsequent Laws: The IPC served as a model for various subsequent legislations in India, influencing the formulation of other laws and codes, thereby establishing a legal culture based on codification.

    Legacy in Independent India: Even after independence, the IPC remains a fundamental component of India’s criminal justice system. Its principles continue to influence legal practice, ensuring a degree of continuity in the administration of justice.

    In summary, the Indian Penal Code of 1860 was instrumental in standardizing legal practices across India, providing a unified, clear, and accessible framework for criminal law that continues to shape the country’s legal landscape. Its establishment marked a significant shift toward a more organized and equitable system of justice in India.

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Ammu Nair
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Ammu NairBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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How did the introduction of the zamindari system affect Indian peasants and landlords?

indian peasantszamindars
  1. Preet
    Preet Begginer

    The Zamindari system is a direct result of the colonial exploitative practices led by Britishers during their rule in India. Peasants were often subjected to high rents and taxes imposed by zamindars. Many even fell in indebtedness as farmers borrow huge amounts of money to pay their rents hence, thRead more

    The Zamindari system is a direct result of the colonial exploitative practices led by Britishers during their rule in India. Peasants were often subjected to high rents and taxes imposed by zamindars. Many even fell in indebtedness as farmers borrow huge amounts of money to pay their rents hence, they are unable to repay which causes such kind of situation. Such situations also result in mass suicides by farmers as they fall in the trap of indebtedness. Farmers who once enjoyed their right to their lands and certain form of security end up becoming tenants or sharecroppers. In case of landlords, they feel empowered and hence they impose their control over poor farmers. They often acted as intermediaries between Britishers and farmers. In some cases when zamindars failed to meet the revenue demands they end up losing their zamindari rights and properties. Sometimes this system has caused tensions amongst the peasants and landlords hence which resulted in social unrest and demonstrations. This system had a huge impact on traditional land relations, and it has also led to many social changes in this system in the coming time. Zamindari system is completely banned from today’s world.

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