Model Answer

Introduction of the Charkha into Gandhian Struggle
The ‘charkha’ (spinning wheel) became an iconic symbol during Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership of the Indian freedom movement. It represented both the ideals of self-sufficiency and resistance against British colonialism, particularly their economic exploitation through the importation of foreign goods. Gandhiji used the charkha not only as a tool for economic independence but also as a method to unite Indians in their struggle for freedom.

Breaking the Caste Boundaries
Gandhi’s use of the charkha transcended traditional caste divisions, where manual labor was often seen as degrading. By spinning thread daily, Gandhi illustrated that manual labor was both dignified and integral to a just society. This symbolized the unity of mental and manual labor, advocating for the dignity of all types of work, regardless of caste.

Opposition to Consumerism and Glorification of Human Labor
The charkha was also Gandhi’s tool of protest against industrialization and the mechanized economy that displaced human labor. He believed that modern machines enslaved humanity, and he championed the charkha as a way of reconnecting people to manual labor, rejecting the consumerist, machine-driven world.

Promoting Nationalism and Self-Reliance
Through the promotion of the charkha, Gandhi encouraged the widespread use of khadi, homespun cloth made using locally grown cotton. He saw this as a means to reduce India’s dependency on imported British goods, particularly cloth, which damaged Indian handloom industries. Khadi became synonymous with India’s quest for independence and self-reliance.

Charkha and the Mass Movement
Gandhi’s symbolic use of the charkha was central to his efforts to make the independence movement a mass struggle. It was a practical and symbolic method to connect with the common people, particularly the poor and rural populations. His emphasis on handspun khadi during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-21) helped rally widespread support, with the charkha becoming a visible sign of resistance.

Conclusion
Ultimately, the charkha became a tool of empowerment for the masses, promoting self-reliance, unity, and economic independence. By advocating for khadi, Gandhi tied economic self-sufficiency to national pride and sovereignty, and this symbolic use of the spinning wheel remains one of the most lasting legacies of the Indian independence struggle.

Model Answer

Introduction

Bhagat Singh and Mahatma Gandhi were both iconic leaders of India’s independence movement, each with a unique approach to achieving freedom from British rule. Despite their shared goal, their ideologies on non-violence, political activism, and visions for a free India differed significantly.

Similarities in Ideologies

• Patriotism and Opposition to British Rule: Both leaders were deeply committed to India’s freedom and opposed British colonialism. They sought to liberate India and end British exploitation.
• Non-Violence as an Ideal: While Gandhi was known for his steadfast commitment to non-violence (Satyagraha), Bhagat Singh also considered non-violence as a moral principle, though he believed that violence could be justified in certain political situations.
• Political Activism: Both Gandhi and Bhagat Singh engaged in various forms of political activism. Gandhi’s methods included non-cooperation and civil disobedience, while Bhagat Singh believed in direct action, such as revolutionary acts, exemplified by the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly.
• Opposition to Caste System: Both leaders advocated for social reform. Gandhi worked towards eradicating untouchability, while Bhagat Singh’s vision of an independent India was inclusive and promoted equality.

Differences in Ideologies

• Approach to Non-Violence: Gandhi strictly adhered to non-violence, believing it to be the only morally acceptable means of resistance. Bhagat Singh, on the other hand, supported violence in certain cases when it could achieve political objectives.
• Political Activism: Gandhi’s activism was largely peaceful, focused on mass mobilization, fasting, and peaceful protests. Bhagat Singh, however, leaned towards armed resistance, focusing on revolutionary acts.
• Role of Religion: Gandhi’s actions were deeply rooted in his spiritual and religious beliefs, while Bhagat Singh took a secular and rational approach to politics, advocating for social change without religious motivations.
• Vision for Free India: Gandhi envisioned a decentralized, self-reliant India, rooted in non-violence and moral ethics. Bhagat Singh, however, was more focused on political independence and overthrowing colonial rule, with less emphasis on the post-independence structure.

Conclusion

Though Bhagat Singh and Mahatma Gandhi had contrasting methods, their shared dedication to India’s independence, commitment to social justice, and vision for a free India united them in the struggle against British rule. Their differing approaches to achieving this goal contributed to the diverse strategies employed during the freedom movement.