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British Governance

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Home/Modern India/British Governance/Page 5

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Chitranshu Dwivedi
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Chitranshu DwivediBegginer
Asked: September 22, 2024In: , , , ,
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Discuss the development of the judicial system in India under British rule. How did the evolution of courts and legal frameworks during the colonial period shape the current judicial structure of India? Highlight the key reforms and their impact on ...

mains questionquestion
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The judicial system in India underwent significant development under British rule. The British established a hierarchical court structure with the Supreme Court at the apex followed by High Courts, District Courts and lower courts. This structure remains largely intact today. Key reforms and their iRead more

    The judicial system in India underwent significant development under British rule. The British established a hierarchical court structure with the Supreme Court at the apex followed by High Courts, District Courts and lower courts. This structure remains largely intact today.

    Key reforms and their impact –

    1. Charter Act of 1726 established the first Supreme Court in India marking the beginning of a modern judicial system.
    2. Regulating Act of 1773 introduced the concept of a hierarchical court structure and established the Calcutta High Court.
    3. Indian High Courts Act of 1861 established High Courts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta introduced the concept of appellate jurisdiction.
    4. Code of Civil Procedure 1859 standardized civil procedure across India.
    5. Indian Evidence Act 1872 codified the law of evidence, ensuring consistency in judicial proceedings.

    The evolution of courts and legal frameworks during the colonial period shaped the current judicial structure of India in several ways –

    1. The British established court hierarchy remains in place today.
    2. The British introduced codified laws such as the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Civil Procedure which continue to govern Indian law.
    3. The British established an independent judiciary which has been maintained in post colonial India.

     

    These reforms and the overall development of the judicial system under British rule have had a lasting impact on the Indian judiciary shaping its structure, laws and procedures.

     

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Shilpi Bharali
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Shilpi BharaliBegginer
Asked: September 23, 2024In:
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Analyze the impact of the Lee Commission on India’s civil service reform.

upsc: evolution of civil services
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The Lee Commission officially known as the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India was established in 1923 to examine the composition and organization of the civil services in India. The commission's report submitted in 1924 had significant implications for the reform of civil serviRead more

    The Lee Commission officially known as the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India was established in 1923 to examine the composition and organization of the civil services in India. The commission’s report submitted in 1924 had significant implications for the reform of civil services in India.

    Key Recommendations and significance –

    1. The commission recommended increasing Indian representation in the civil services which led to more opportunities for Indians to join the services.
    2. The commission emphasized the importance of merit based recruitment which helped to reduce patronage and nepotism in the civil services.
    3. The commission recommended the reorganization of the civil services into three categories the All India Services, Central Services and Provincial Services.
    4. The commission emphasized the need for training and development programs for civil servants to improve their efficiency and effectiveness.

    Impact –

    1. The commission’s recommendations led to an increase in Indian representation in the civil services which helped to reduce the dominance of British officials.
    2. The commission’s emphasis on merit based recruitment and training and development programs helped to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the civil services.
    3. The commission’s recommendations on the reorganization of services helped to clarify the roles and responsibilities of different categories of civil servants.

     

    Overall the Lee Commission played a significant role in reforming the civil services in India by increasing Indian representation, improving efficiency and reorganizing the services. Its recommendations had a lasting impact on the development of the civil services in India.

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Karthik Bajaj
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Karthik BajajBegginer
Asked: September 21, 2024In:
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Examine the impact of World War II on British India’s constitutional discourse.

upsc: constitutional development (1858-1947)
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    World War II (1939-1945) was a global conflict involving axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and allied powers (US, UK, USSR) resulting in massive destruction.World War II's influences included weakening colonial empires, fueling Indian independence and shaping the United Nations while also causingRead more

    World War II (1939-1945) was a global conflict involving axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and allied powers (US, UK, USSR) resulting in massive destruction.World War II’s influences included weakening colonial empires, fueling Indian independence and shaping the United Nations while also causing massive destruction and loss of life.World War II had a significant influence on the constitutional discourse in British India.

    1. The war created a crisis of legitimacy for British rule as the colonial government’s claim to be fighting for democracy and freedom abroad was contradicted by its denial of these same rights to Indians at home.
    2. The British government’s need for Indian support during the war led to the August Offer of 1940 which promised Indians a greater degree of autonomy and self government in exchange for their cooperation. However this offer was rejected by the Indian National Congress which demanded immediate independence.
    3. The Atlantic Charter issued by the US and UK in 1941, further fueled the demand for Indian independence. The charter’s statement that all peoples had the right to self government was seen as a clear contradiction of British policy in India.
    4. The Cripps Mission of 1942 led by Sir Stafford Cripps was an attempt to address Indian demands for self government. However the mission’s proposals were rejected by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

     

    Overall, World War II marked a significant turning point in the constitutional discourse in British India. The war weakened the legitimacy of British rule and created new opportunities for Indian nationalists to press their demands for independence.

     

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Ishaan Chopra
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Ishaan ChopraBegginer
Asked: September 23, 2024In:
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Talk about the contributions that Indian soldiers made to the British army during World War I.

upsc: military under the british
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Indian soldiers played a significant role in the British Army during World War I contributing substantially to the Allied war effort. Here are key aspects of their role and contributions. Role in the British Army - Large scale recruitment meant over 1.7 million Indian soldiers were enlisted to fightRead more

    Indian soldiers played a significant role in the British Army during World War I contributing substantially to the Allied war effort. Here are key aspects of their role and contributions.

    Role in the British Army –

    1. Large scale recruitment meant over 1.7 million Indian soldiers were enlisted to fight in various theaters vastly expanding the British Army’s manpower.
    2. Diverse units referred to Indian soldiers serving in various regiments including infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering and medical corps showcasing their versatility.
    3. Combat and support roles involved Indian soldiers fighting on frontlines while others provided crucial support in logistics, medicine, communication and engineering services.

     

    Contributions During World War I –

    1. Battlefield heroism referred to Indian soldiers’ exceptional bravery, earning numerous awards including the Victoria Cross for their valor and sacrifice in combat.
    2. Key battles and campaigns involved Indian soldiers fighting in pivotal battles such as Neuve Chapelle, Loos and Mesopotamia and multiple theaters of war.
    3. Logistical support referred to Indian soldiers crucial role in maintaining supply lines, transporting equipment and providing medical care ensuring smooth war operations.
    4. Economic contribution involved India supplying vast resources including food, ammunition and equipment worth millions of pounds to support the Allied war effort.

     

    In conclusion, Indian soldiers played a vital role in the British Army during World War I demonstrating bravery, sacrifice and logistical support. Despite facing discrimination and inequality their contributions had a lasting impact on the war effort and the eventual struggle for Indian independence.

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Nitika Devgan
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Nitika DevganBegginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In: , , , , , ,
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How has the government’s focus on organic farming through schemes like the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) impacted agricultural practices?

question
  1. Dewanshi
    Dewanshi Begginer

    The government's emphasis on organic farming has indeed made a significant impact on agricultural practices in India. By promoting organic farming methods, the government has encouraged sustainable and environmentally friendly practices among farmers, leading to various positive outcomes in the agriRead more

    • The government’s emphasis on organic farming has indeed made a significant impact on agricultural practices in India. By promoting organic farming methods, the government has encouraged sustainable and environmentally friendly practices among farmers, leading to various positive outcomes in the agricultural sector.
    • One notable example of the impact of the government’s focus on organic farming is the increase in the adoption of organic cultivation techniques by farmers across the country. Through initiatives like the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, farmers have been incentivized to shift from conventional farming methods reliant on chemical inputs to organic practices that prioritize soil health, biodiversity, and sustainability.
    • Furthermore, the government’s focus on organic farming has led to an expansion of markets for organic produce both domestically and internationally. Consumers are increasingly valuing organic products for their health benefits and environmental sustainability, creating new opportunities for farmers engaged in organic cultivation to access premium markets and receive better prices for their products.
    • Under the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), farmers are encouraged to adopt organic farming techniques such as crop rotation, mixed cropping, use of organic manure, and biological pest control methods. By shifting towards organic farming, farmers can improve soil health, reduce environmental pollution, and produce chemical-free, healthier crops.
    • The scheme provides financial support to farmers to help them transition to organic farming practices. This support includes assistance for training, capacity building, organic inputs, certification, and marketing of organic produce. By incentivizing the adoption of organic farming, the government is promoting sustainable agriculture practices that benefit both farmers and the environment.
    • The impact of the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana can be seen in the increased adoption of organic farming practices across various states in India. Farmers participating in the scheme have reported higher yields, improved soil fertility, reduced input costs, and better market access for their organic produce. Additionally, organic farming helps preserve biodiversity, conserve natural resources, and promote healthier food choices for consumers.
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Jayesh Malhotra
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Jayesh MalhotraBegginer
Asked: September 23, 2024In:
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Talk about how access to justice and legal representation are affected by the High Courts Act of 1861.

upsc: development of judiciary under british
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The High Court Act of 1861 was a British legislation that established High Courts in India replacing the Supreme Courts and Sadar Courts. It reformed the Indian judicial system by expanding jurisdiction and improving access to justice.It had a profound impact on legal representation and access to juRead more

    The High Court Act of 1861 was a British legislation that established High Courts in India replacing the Supreme Courts and Sadar Courts. It reformed the Indian judicial system by expanding jurisdiction and improving access to justice.It had a profound impact on legal representation and access to justice in India. Here are some key effects –

    1. Establishment of High Courts enabled decentralization of justice, increased accessibility and reduced backlog improving legal representation and access to justice nationwide.
    2. Increase in judicial officers enhanced judicial capacity, expedited case disposal and improved access to justice, ensuring timely and effective legal representation for citizens.
    3. Simplified court procedures streamlined litigation, reduced complexities and increased efficiency facilitating easier access to justice and enabling more effective legal representation for all.
    4. Increased jurisdiction empowered High Courts to hear a broader range of cases, expanding access to justice and providing relief to a larger population.
    5. Enhanced judicial review enabled High Courts to scrutinize and set aside flawed decisions, ensuring justice, protecting rights and upholding the rule of law.
    6. Growth of the legal profession led to an increase in skilled lawyers, enhancing legal representation and providing citizens with better access to justice.
    7. Standardization of legal education ensured uniform training for lawyers, improving competence and enabling them to provide high quality legal representation and services.

     

    Overall the High Courts Act of 1861 played a significant role in shaping India’s legal system, expanding access to justice and improving legal representation.

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Jay Sorte
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Jay SorteBegginer
Asked: July 12, 2024In: , , ,
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The Indian Constitution is a living document that has successfully adapted to the changing needs of society while maintaining its core principles. Critically analyze.

question
  1. muskaan garg
    muskaan garg Begginer

    The Indian Constitution, often described as a living document, has evolved significantly since its inception on January 26, 1950. Adaptability Through Amendments The Indian Constitution includes provisions for its own amendment under Article 368, allowing it to evolve over time. This has led to overRead more

    The Indian Constitution, often described as a living document, has evolved significantly since its inception on January 26, 1950.

    Adaptability Through Amendments

    The Indian Constitution includes provisions for its own amendment under Article 368, allowing it to evolve over time. This has led to over 100 amendments, addressing various social, economic, and political changes.

    Notable amendments include the First Amendment (1951) for land reforms and restrictions on speech, the Forty-Second Amendment (1976) which added “Socialist” and “Secular” to the Preamble, and the Seventy-Third and Seventy-Fourth Amendments (1992) that bolstered local governance.

    Judicial Interpretation

    Judicial interpretation has played a crucial role in this evolution. Landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine, ensuring that core constitutional features remain unaltered. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) expanded the interpretation of the right to life and personal liberty, reflecting the judiciary’s role in adapting constitutional protections to contemporary needs.

    Balancing Core Principles with Modern Needs

    Despite numerous changes, the core principles of democracy, secularism, socialism, and the rule of law have remained intact. Secularism, for example, has been continuously reinterpreted in response to societal changes. Fundamental rights have been dynamically expanded, as seen in the recognition of the right to privacy (Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017).

    Challenges and Conclusion

    Challenges include political influences on amendments, potentially undermining neutrality, and implementation gaps in areas like social justice and equality. Nevertheless, the Constitution’s adaptability underscores its resilience and relevance, necessitating ongoing vigilance to ensure it continues to serve the nation’s best interests while preserving its fundamental ethos.

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shyla kaul
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shyla kaulBegginer
Asked: July 23, 2024In:
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consitution of indialaw
  1. Aishwarya Mukherjee
    Aishwarya Mukherjee Begginer

    To enhance the implementation of the Indian Constitution an creative strategy is needed to tackle issues and societal factors. Here's a fresh viewpoint, on how we can improve its execution; Focus on Citizen Empowerment; Introduce a countrywide program to boost awareness about the constitution amongRead more

    To enhance the implementation of the Indian Constitution an creative strategy is needed to tackle issues and societal factors. Here’s a fresh viewpoint, on how we can improve its execution;

    Focus on Citizen Empowerment; Introduce a countrywide program to boost awareness about the constitution among the public. Use technology to create engaging platforms where people can educate themselves about their rights, responsibilities and how government institutions operate. Promoting participation, from an age can nurture a society of involved citizens.

    Implementing Localized Frameworks; Acknowledge the diversity, in India by advocating for localized implementation frameworks. Provide state and local governments with the flexibility to customize provisions according to requirements while ensuring alignment with national objectives.

    Assessing Constitutional Impact; Introduce an assessment of impact for all legislative and policy decisions. This ensures that proposed actions are carefully examined for compliance with principles before being put into effect.

    Enhancing Judicial Infrastructure; resources towards improving infrastructure and manpower to expedite constitutional adjudication. Support the establishment of benches in courts to efficiently address complex constitutional matters.

    Promoting Constitutional Morality; Initiate campaigns that promote morality and ethical governance among officials and institutions. Instilling a sense of responsibility towards upholding values can discourage instances of power abuse.

    Engaging Youth and Encouraging Innovation; Foster youth participation, through hackathons and innovation challenges focused on addressing issues related to implementing the constitution. Utilize the creativity and technological skills of individuals to devise solutions.

    By adopting these strategies India can not only enhance the implementation of its Constitution but also cultivate a more inclusive, responsible and forward-thinking governance framework.

     

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Shilpi Bharali
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Shilpi BharaliBegginer
Asked: September 23, 2024In:
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Examine how British educational practices have affected India’s civil service development.

upsc: evolution of civil services
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The British education policies in India aimed to create a subservient bureaucracy. They introduced Western style education emphasizing English language and literature while neglecting traditional Indian education systems, promoting a colonial mindset and cultural assimilation.The British educationalRead more

    The British education policies in India aimed to create a subservient bureaucracy. They introduced Western style education emphasizing English language and literature while neglecting traditional Indian education systems, promoting a colonial mindset and cultural assimilation.The British educational policies had a significant impact on the development of civil services in India i.e. both positive and negative.

    Positive impacts –

    1. The British introduced Western style education, which emphasized rational thinking, scientific inquiry and modern administrative practices.
    2. The British established a merit-based system for recruitment to the civil services which helped to create a more efficient and effective bureaucracy.
    3. The British expanded educational opportunities in India, establishing universities, colleges and schools that helped to increase the pool of educated Indians.

     

    Negative impacts –

    1. British educational policies were biased towards the elite classes , limiting access to education for the masses.
    2. The British educational system promoted a colonial mindset emphasizing the superiority of Western culture and values over Indian ones.
    3. The British neglected traditional Indian education systems such as the gurukul system which had provided education and training in Indian languages, literature and culture.
    4. The British educational policies helped to create a subservient bureaucracy that was loyal to the British colonial government rather than to the Indian people.

     

    The British educational policies had a lasting impact on the development of civil services in India. While they introduced modern Western education and established a merit based system, they also promoted a colonial mindset and neglected traditional Indian education systems. The legacy of these policies can still be seen in the Indian civil services today.

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