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Analyze the significance of the India-France-Australia trilateral partnership in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in the areas of maritime security, climate change, and infrastructure development. Discuss the potential for this grouping to contribute to a stable and inclusive regional order.
The India-France-Australia trilateral partnership holds significant implications for the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in enhancing cooperation across various critical domains such as maritime security, climate change mitigation, and infrastructure development. This grouping, known informally asRead more
The India-France-Australia trilateral partnership holds significant implications for the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in enhancing cooperation across various critical domains such as maritime security, climate change mitigation, and infrastructure development. This grouping, known informally as the “Trilateral,” has emerged against the backdrop of increasing geopolitical tensions and the rise of assertive powers in the region.
Significance of the Trilateral Partnership:
Maritime Security:
Naval Cooperation: The trilateral partnership aims to enhance maritime security through joint naval exercises, information sharing, and capacity building. This is crucial in light of growing maritime challenges, including piracy, illegal fishing, and ensuring freedom of navigation in international waters.
Strategic Coordination: By pooling naval resources and expertise, the trilateral can effectively respond to security threats and maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific, thereby contributing to regional peace and security.
Climate Change:
Environmental Cooperation: India, France, and Australia share concerns about climate change and are committed to promoting sustainable development practices and mitigating environmental degradation.
Renewable Energy: Collaboration in renewable energy technologies and initiatives can help reduce carbon emissions and promote clean energy transitions in the region, aligning with global climate goals.
Infrastructure Development:
Investment and Connectivity: The trilateral can facilitate infrastructure development projects that promote connectivity, economic growth, and regional integration. This includes investments in ports, roads, and digital infrastructure, which are critical for fostering trade and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
Potential for Contributing to a Stable and Inclusive Regional Order:
Rule of Law and Multilateralism:
The trilateral partnership underscores a commitment to upholding international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and promoting a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. This is crucial amid challenges to maritime norms and territorial disputes.
By advocating for multilateralism and inclusive regional cooperation, the trilateral can counter unilateral actions that destabilize the region and promote peaceful resolution of disputes.
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR):
Collaboration in HADR operations enhances the trilateral’s capacity to respond to natural disasters and humanitarian crises in the Indo-Pacific, thereby demonstrating solidarity and contributing to regional resilience.
Cultural and People-to-People Ties:
Strengthening cultural exchanges and educational partnerships fosters greater understanding and trust among the people of India, France, and Australia. This grassroots engagement complements diplomatic efforts and promotes a sense of community in the region.
Diplomatic Influence:
The trilateral partnership amplifies the diplomatic influence of India, France, and Australia in regional and global forums, allowing them to advocate for shared interests and values effectively.
See lessIn conclusion, the India-France-Australia trilateral partnership is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping a stable and inclusive regional order in the Indo-Pacific. By leveraging their respective strengths in maritime security, climate action, infrastructure development, and promoting multilateralism, the trilateral can contribute to peace, stability, and prosperity in the region. Continued cooperation and strategic coordination among these countries will be essential to addressing emerging challenges and opportunities in the Indo-Pacific in a collaborative and effective manner.
Assess the significance of the India-European Union Strategic Partnership and the ongoing negotiations for a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Discuss the challenges and opportunities in aligning India's economic and geopolitical interests with those of the EU.
The India-European Union (EU) Strategic Partnership and the negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) hold significant implications for both parties, encompassing economic, geopolitical, and strategic dimensions. Significance of the India-EU Strategic Partnership: Economic Benefits: A comprehensRead more
The India-European Union (EU) Strategic Partnership and the negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) hold significant implications for both parties, encompassing economic, geopolitical, and strategic dimensions.
Significance of the India-EU Strategic Partnership:
Economic Benefits: A comprehensive FTA between India and the EU has the potential to significantly boost bilateral trade and investment. The EU is India’s largest trading partner, and enhanced economic cooperation could lead to greater market access, reduced tariffs, and streamlined regulations, benefiting industries such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and IT services.
Geopolitical Alignment: Both India and the EU share common values such as democracy, rule of law, and multilateralism. Strengthening their strategic partnership enhances their collective ability to address global challenges like climate change, terrorism, and regional security issues.
Technology and Innovation: Collaboration in areas such as technology, renewable energy, and research can foster innovation and competitiveness, benefiting both economies in the long term.
Diplomatic Influence: A closer partnership could bolster India’s position on the global stage, providing mutual support in international forums and enhancing diplomatic ties.
Challenges in Aligning Interests:
Market Access and Tariffs: Differences over tariff reductions, particularly in sectors like agriculture and automobiles, remain contentious. India seeks better access for its professionals in the EU, while the EU looks for liberalization in services and investment.
Regulatory Barriers: Divergent regulatory standards pose obstacles, particularly concerning intellectual property rights, data protection, and environmental norms.
Political and Strategic Considerations: The EU’s concerns over human rights, labor standards, and India’s stance on regional security (e.g., relations with Pakistan) can complicate negotiations and the broader strategic partnership.
Public Procurement and Government Subsidies: Disagreements persist regarding government procurement rules and subsidies, particularly in the context of India’s policies aimed at fostering domestic industries.
Opportunities for Collaboration:
Green Economy: Joint efforts in sustainable development, renewable energy, and climate action can align with global priorities and foster economic growth.
Digital Economy: Collaboration in digital trade, cybersecurity, and e-commerce can promote innovation and address regulatory challenges.
Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals: Cooperation in healthcare infrastructure, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and pandemic preparedness can be mutually beneficial, especially in light of COVID-19.
Education and Research: Strengthening academic exchanges and research collaborations can drive innovation and human capital development.
In conclusion, while the India-EU Strategic Partnership and FTA negotiations hold immense potential, navigating the challenges related to economic priorities, regulatory frameworks, and geopolitical dynamics is crucial. Both sides must find common ground on contentious issues while capitalizing on opportunities for mutual benefit in areas such as technology, sustainable development, and global governance. Successful alignment of economic and geopolitical interests will not only deepen bilateral ties but also contribute positively to regional and global stability.
See lessDiscuss the importance of the India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) in strengthening India's diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties with the African continent. Evaluate the key outcomes and the potential for further cooperation in areas such as development assistance, trade, and capacity-building.
The India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is a crucial platform that underscores India's commitment to strengthening its relations with African countries across various domains including diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties. Initiated in 2008, the summit convenes leaders from India and African nationsRead more
The India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is a crucial platform that underscores India’s commitment to strengthening its relations with African countries across various domains including diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties. Initiated in 2008, the summit convenes leaders from India and African nations to discuss and enhance cooperation on a wide range of issues. Here’s an evaluation of the importance of IAFS and its outcomes in fostering India-Africa relations:
Importance of IAFS:
Diplomatic Relations:
Enhanced Bilateral Engagement: IAFS provides a structured framework for high-level diplomatic dialogues, fostering closer political ties between India and African countries.
Multilateral Collaboration: It promotes joint initiatives and positions on global issues, enhancing Africa’s representation and voice in international forums.
Economic Cooperation:
Trade and Investment: IAFS facilitates discussions on boosting trade relations and attracting investments between India and African nations.
Business Conferences: Side events such as business summits and trade exhibitions provide opportunities for networking and forging economic partnerships.
Development Assistance:
Capacity Building: India offers technical assistance, capacity-building programs, and scholarships to African countries in diverse fields such as education, healthcare, agriculture, and technology.
Infrastructure Development: India extends lines of credit for infrastructure projects in Africa, supporting sustainable development and economic growth.
Cultural Exchanges:
Cultural Diplomacy: IAFS promotes cultural exchanges, showcasing India’s rich heritage and fostering mutual understanding and people-to-people contacts.
Educational Collaboration: Collaboration in education and research enhances human capital development and academic exchanges.
Key Outcomes of IAFS:
Strategic Partnerships:
Bilateral agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) signed during IAFS strengthen cooperation in sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, technology transfer, and renewable energy.
Capacity Building and Training:
Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program and scholarships benefit thousands of African professionals, contributing to skill development and institutional capacity building.
Infrastructure Development:
Lines of credit extended by India facilitate the implementation of infrastructure projects in African countries, enhancing connectivity and promoting economic development.
Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals:
Collaboration in healthcare includes supply of medicines, healthcare infrastructure development, and training of medical professionals, especially relevant during health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Potential for Further Cooperation:
Enhanced Trade Relations:
Expanding trade ties through preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and easing trade barriers to promote two-way trade and investments.
Digital and Technological Partnerships:
Cooperation in digital technologies, ICT infrastructure, and e-governance solutions to support Africa’s digital transformation.
Climate Change and Environment:
Joint efforts to address climate change, promote renewable energy, and sustainable development practices.
Security and Counter-terrorism:
Strengthening cooperation in security, counter-terrorism, and maritime security to address regional security challenges.
Challenges:
Competing Interests: Competition from other global players in Africa’s resources and markets can impact India’s strategic interests and influence.
Infrastructure and Logistics: Challenges related to infrastructure deficits and logistical constraints can hinder the implementation of development projects.
Political Instability: Political uncertainties and conflicts in some African countries may pose risks to sustained cooperation and investment.
Conclusion:
See lessThe India-Africa Forum Summit plays a pivotal role in enhancing India’s engagement with Africa across diplomatic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Through collaborative efforts in development assistance, trade promotion, and capacity-building initiatives, IAFS strengthens mutual ties and contributes to sustainable development and prosperity in both regions. While challenges exist, continued commitment and innovative approaches can further deepen India-Africa cooperation, ensuring shared benefits and mutual growth in the years ahead.
Evaluate the role of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum in promoting South-South cooperation and reforming global governance institutions. Discuss the areas of collaboration, such as sustainable development, peacekeeping, and reform of the United Nations Security Council.
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum plays a significant role in promoting South-South cooperation and advocating for reforms in global governance institutions. Established in 2003, IBSA brings together three major developing countries from different continents—India, Brazil, and SoutRead more
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum plays a significant role in promoting South-South cooperation and advocating for reforms in global governance institutions. Established in 2003, IBSA brings together three major developing countries from different continents—India, Brazil, and South Africa—to enhance cooperation on various international issues. Here’s an evaluation of IBSA’s role in promoting South-South cooperation and reforming global governance:
Promoting South-South Cooperation:
Political Cooperation:
Joint Advocacy: IBSA countries collaborate on common interests and positions in global forums, amplifying their voices on issues such as development, climate change, and trade negotiations.
Diplomatic Support: They support each other’s candidacies for international positions and work together to influence global policies in favor of developing countries.
Economic Collaboration:
Trade and Investment: IBSA promotes intra-group trade and investment, aiming to strengthen economic ties and foster mutual development.
Development Assistance: They share experiences and best practices in development cooperation, including technical assistance and capacity building programs in various sectors.
Cultural and Social Exchanges:
People-to-People Contacts: Cultural exchanges and academic collaborations promote understanding and solidarity among the peoples of India, Brazil, and South Africa.
Education and Research: Collaborative research projects and educational partnerships enhance human capital development and innovation.
Reforming Global Governance Institutions:
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Reform:
Advocacy for Reform: IBSA advocates for the expansion of the UNSC, including permanent membership for developing countries, to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities.
Joint Statements: They issue joint statements and coordinate positions on UNSC reform, emphasizing the need for equitable representation and increased voice for developing nations.
Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution:
Peacekeeping Operations: IBSA countries contribute troops and resources to UN peacekeeping missions, demonstrating their commitment to global peace and security.
Conflict Resolution: They collaborate on conflict prevention and mediation efforts in various regions, leveraging their diplomatic and peacekeeping capabilities.
Sustainable Development:
Environmental Cooperation: IBSA promotes cooperation on sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation.
South-South Cooperation: They share expertise in renewable energy, agriculture, and water management to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) and address common environmental challenges.
Challenges and Limitations:
Diverse Priorities: Despite shared interests, divergent national priorities and geopolitical considerations among IBSA countries can sometimes hinder consensus on certain global issues.
Implementation Gap: Translating joint declarations and cooperation frameworks into concrete actions and projects can be challenging due to logistical, financial, and bureaucratic barriers.
Global Power Dynamics: The influence of traditional powers and developed countries in global governance institutions can constrain the impact of IBSA’s advocacy efforts for reform.
Conclusion:
See lessThe IBSA Dialogue Forum serves as a platform for India, Brazil, and South Africa to strengthen South-South cooperation, advocate for global governance reforms, and advance their common interests on the global stage. By collaborating on sustainable development, peacekeeping, UNSC reform, and other key issues, IBSA countries contribute to a more inclusive and equitable global order. However, navigating challenges and maximizing the forum’s effectiveness requires continued commitment, strategic coordination, and innovative approaches to address global challenges collectively.
how climate change is affecting the world.
Impact of Climate Change on Policy Making in International Forums 1. **Increased Focus on Climate Agreements:** Climate change has led to the establishment of international agreements and frameworks such as the Paris Agreement, which aim to limit global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. TRead more
Impact of Climate Change on Policy Making in International Forums
1. **Increased Focus on Climate Agreements:** Climate change has led to the establishment of international agreements and frameworks such as the Paris Agreement, which aim to limit global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These agreements require countries to commit to specific targets and report their progress.
2. **Integration into Trade and Economic Policies:** Climate considerations are increasingly integrated into trade agreements and economic policies. Countries are incorporating environmental standards and sustainability criteria into trade negotiations and financial regulations.
3. **Funding and Support Mechanisms:** International forums are emphasizing the need for financial support to developing countries for climate adaptation and mitigation. Funds like the Green Climate Fund are established to provide financial assistance to nations most affected by climate change.
4. **Collaborative Research and Technology Transfer:** Climate change discussions promote international collaboration on research and the transfer of green technologies. Forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) facilitate partnerships and technology exchange.
5. **National and Regional Policies Alignment:** International forums influence national policies by setting global standards and expectations. Countries align their domestic policies with international goals to contribute to collective climate objectives.
Actions by the International Community
1. **Global Agreements and Commitments:** The Paris Agreement represents a significant international commitment to limit global temperature rise and enhance climate resilience. Countries have pledged to reduce emissions and increase their climate ambitions over time.
2. **Climate Summits and Conferences:** Regular summits like the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) provide platforms for nations to discuss progress, negotiate new commitments, and address emerging climate challenges.
3. **Green Initiatives and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):** Climate action is embedded in the United Nations SDGs, particularly Goal 13, which aims to combat climate change and its impacts.
4. **Innovative Financing Solutions:** The international community is exploring various financing mechanisms, including green bonds and climate risk insurance, to support climate initiatives and projects.
5. **Increased Public Awareness and Pressure:** Growing public awareness and activism around climate change are influencing policy decisions and pushing governments and international organizations to take more ambitious actions.
Assessment of Considerate Steps
**Ambitious Targets:** While there is substantial commitment to climate goals, achieving the targets set in international agreements requires more aggressive action and enforcement.
**Equity and Inclusion:** Ensuring that the needs of vulnerable and developing nations are adequately addressed remains a critical issue. There is ongoing debate about equitable burden-sharing and support.
**Implementation Gaps:** Translating international commitments into effective national policies and actions continues to be a challenge. Monitoring and accountability mechanisms are crucial for tracking progress.
Overall, while the international community is taking significant and considerate steps to tackle climate change, continued efforts, increased ambition, and effective implementation are essential to address this global challenge comprehensively.
See lessEvaluate the role of the India-Japan-Australia Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) in diversifying and strengthening supply chains amid geopolitical tensions. Discuss the strategic and economic rationale behind this trilateral cooperation.
The unfolding of the Covid-19 pandemic and the aftermath of it has brought to the fore, the unprecedented impact of vulnerabilities and gaps in the global supply chain.In a bid to deal with this, the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative by India-Japan-Australia was formally launched in a virtually helRead more
The unfolding of the Covid-19 pandemic and the aftermath of it has brought to the fore, the unprecedented impact of vulnerabilities and gaps in the global supply chain.In a bid to deal with this, the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative by India-Japan-Australia was formally launched in a virtually held trilateral ministerial meeting in 2021.
Objectives of SCRI:-
Strategic/Economic rationale behind the SCRI initiative:-
Although the SCRI sounds promising having a holistic and extensive plan to move forward is the need of the hour.
See lessExamine the role of the India-US-Israel trilateral dialogue in enhancing cooperation on issues such as counterterrorism, emerging technologies, and regional security. Discuss the implications of this grouping for India's relationships with the Middle East and the United States.
The Trilateral India-US-Israel dialogue looks toward fostering cooperation on issues such as counter-terrorism, emerging technologies, and regional security. For India, the terrorism experience is from the borders of Pakistan, and in Israel's face, terrorism forms. The USA has passed through the traRead more
The Trilateral India-US-Israel dialogue looks toward fostering cooperation on issues such as counter-terrorism, emerging technologies, and regional security. For India, the terrorism experience is from the borders of Pakistan, and in Israel’s face, terrorism forms. The USA has passed through the tragic event of 9/11, and the member states are facing similar challenges. The country-to-country relations are premised on a strong bond and common interests, which then follow intelligence sharing, joint military exercises, and coordinated diplomatic efforts on regional security. This is an area in which these countries have worked together in emerging technologies, research and development, cybersecurity, and fostering start-up ecosystems. Initiatives like the I2U2 and the IMEC(India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) are outputs that aim at connectivity and economic integration between one another. Yet, India’s proximity to Israel is what irritates the Arab states.
Nevertheless, India has nurtured its relations with Gulf countries like the UAE and Saudi Arabia, which enjoy Large bilateral trade. The independent foreign policy of India, much like the balanced stand on the UN ceasefire resolution in Gaza, underlines strategic autonomy. More so, this deepens India’s increased relationship with the US, particularly to check on China. For the United States, its alignment significantly prevents increased relations between India and China. Therefore, this trilateral dialogue underscores how much India is committed to global security while at the same time maintaining regional engagement.
See lessIsrael Palestine Conflict
The long-standing Israel-Palestine conflict continues to be a significant concern in global politics due to its historical, geopolitical, and humanitarian implications. Starting from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the subsequent displacement of 750,000 Palestinians, the conflict has developed into aRead more
The long-standing Israel-Palestine conflict continues to be a significant concern in global politics due to its historical, geopolitical, and humanitarian implications. Starting from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the subsequent displacement of 750,000 Palestinians, the conflict has developed into a complex territorial and ideological dispute. This has led to severe economic instability, high unemployment rates, and widespread poverty in both Israeli and Palestinian communities, escalating regional tensions.
The persistence of the conflict highlights the failure of numerous peace efforts and international interventions. It underscores the deeply rooted issues of refugee rights, security concerns, and national identity that remain unresolved. The repeated escalations and outbreaks of violence, such as those witnessed in Gaza, have claimed tens of thousands of lives and displaced millions, illustrating the human cost and the potential for broader regional destabilization.
Moreover, the conflict is a focal point for broader geopolitical rivalries, with major powers often taking sides, complicating diplomatic resolutions. It acts as a litmus test for international institutions like the United Nations in their ability to mediate and enforce peace. Therefore, the Israel-Palestine conflict remains a critical issue requiring sustained international attention and a renewed commitment to a just and lasting resolution.
See lessExamine the significance of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) for India's "Neighborhood First" policy and its efforts to enhance regional connectivity and economic cooperation in the Bay of Bengal region.
India's "Neighbourhood First" strategy prioritises strengthening relationships with neighbouring countries through enhanced trade, investment, and infrastructure development. This approach has improved bilateral ties and economic integration with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. InitiativesRead more
India’s “Neighbourhood First” strategy prioritises strengthening relationships with neighbouring countries through enhanced trade, investment, and infrastructure development. This approach has improved bilateral ties and economic integration with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Initiatives such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) satellite and various cross-border energy projects are concrete outcomes of this policy, fostering regional interdependence and cooperation.
India’s involvement in the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), which includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, plays a crucial role in regional connectivity and economic collaboration. It facilitates cooperation in multiple sectors, including trade, technology, energy, and transportation. Key projects like the BIMSTEC Transport Infrastructure and Logistics Study (BTILS) aim to enhance regional connectivity through improved transportation networks, thus boosting trade and investment.
Together, these strategies have strengthened India’s economic ties with its neighbours and positioned it as a central player in regional economic dynamics. However, challenges such as political instability in the region and differing national interests among member countries need to be addressed to realise the full potential of these initiatives.
Do you agree with the view that diverging long-term economic trajectory coupled with political differences has put the future of BRICS into question?
BRIC was conceived by British Economist Jim O’Neill signifying the four most dynamic emerging economies. It has over time evolved as the BRICS grouping with the inclusion of South Africa. It has evolved as a symbol of shifting global landscape. It is the acronym coined to associate five major emergiRead more
BRIC was conceived by British Economist Jim O’Neill signifying the four most dynamic emerging economies. It has over time evolved as the BRICS grouping with the inclusion of South Africa. It has evolved as a symbol of shifting global landscape. It is the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs. It represents over 40% of the global population and around 22% of Global GDP. Four out of five members are among the world’s ten largest countries by population and by area, except for South Africa, the twenty-fourth in both.
Economic Divergence And Political Differences
However, scholars like Joseph Nye have criticised it as BRICS without mortar, emphasising the internal fractures and divergences within the grouping. Some of these can be identified as divergences in long term economic trajectory and political differences:
Economic Divergences
Political Differences
1. Political diversity: China is a one-party state; Russia’s governance is highly centralized; Brazil, India, and South Africa are democracies with significant corruption levels and/or ethnic strife still to deal with. Following is an effort to elucidate country-specific cases:
2.India-China bilateral issues: Given the disruptions and instabilities that mark India-China relation, for example, the recent border skirmishes at Galwan valley; there is always a threat of derailment of negotiations at a plurilateral platform like BRICS. 3. Similarly, another emerging axis like the Pakistan-Russia axis or the Moscow-Beijing-Islamabad axis may create divergences with Indian interests and adversely affect negotiations. Further, the fact remains that BRICS is still far from achieving its initial goals: reform of global financial governance, the democratisation of the United Nations, and the expansion of the Security Council. It is so, partially because two of its members (China and Russia) do not want the other three members (India, South Africa and Brazil) to obtain parity in the global pecking order. Notwithstanding these divergences and differences, efforts can be made to enable BRICS to achieve its potential:
Cooperation under the aegis of BRICS not only signified the economic potential of emerging economies but also the pinnacle of South-South bonding. Against the backdrop of the continued Western dominance of the world order, development cooperation and enhanced partnership in kindred areas of technology and innovation among BRICS countries will help create a more symmetrical world. It can also act as a bulwark against the rising walls of protectionism and an inward-looking world view driven by deglobalisation and COVID induced economic shock. As PM Modi emphasises, if BRICS can set and lead the agenda of the global world order, a Golden decade can be created for humankind. Alternately, BRICS should stand for “business, regional integration, innovation, culture and statesmanship.”
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