Bilateral Relations

Model Answer

Introduction

India’s growing interest in Africa has been marked by increased economic, strategic, and cultural engagements. While this presents significant opportunities, it also raises concerns about potential negative consequences.

Pros of India’s Increasing Interest in Africa

Energy Security

India’s engagement with Africa is largely driven by its need for energy security. Africa is a major source of oil and gas, crucial for meeting India’s increasing energy demands. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India’s oil consumption is expected to rise significantly, making African oil sources vital for energy stability (IEA, 2021).

Access to Natural Resources

Africa is rich in critical natural resources, including minerals and agricultural products. For example, India imports approximately 50% of its diamonds from Africa, highlighting the importance of these resources for India’s economy (The Economic Times, 2020). Such engagement can ensure sustainable access and foster economic growth.

New Market Opportunities

India’s presence in Africa can diversify its export markets, reducing dependence on traditional Western markets. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to create a unified market of 1.3 billion people, providing significant opportunities for Indian businesses (African Union, 2021). This engagement promotes regional integration and economic collaboration.

Cons of India’s Increasing Interest in Africa

Economic Dependence

Increased engagement can lead to economic dependence, limiting India’s decision-making autonomy. This dependence could expose India to political instability risks in African nations, potentially affecting its investments and strategic interests (The Hindu, 2022).

Political Challenges

Africa’s political landscape is complex, with issues such as ethnic conflicts and weak governance. India’s involvement may entangle it in these challenges, adversely impacting its economic and strategic priorities (Council on Foreign Relations, 2021).

Competition with China

India faces significant competition from China, which has made aggressive investments in Africa. This rivalry could limit India’s access to vital resources and markets, posing strategic challenges (Brookings Institution, 2020).

Conclusion

India’s increasing interest in Africa offers substantial opportunities for trade and cultural exchange but also raises concerns about resource exploitation and political instability. A balanced approach is essential to ensure that engagements are mutually beneficial and sustainable.

Model Answer

Introduction

The South China Sea, a strategic and resource-rich maritime region, has become a focal point of international dispute, with overlapping territorial claims by several nations. The situation is further complicated by the strategic interests of external powers like the United States and India. India’s involvement, while historically minimal, has recently intensified, reflecting its broader strategic objectives and concerns over China’s growing influence.

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India’s Involvement in the South China Sea

India’s engagement in the South China Sea has been increasing under the current administration. This includes defense cooperation with claimant states, participation in naval exercises, and even arms sales to countries like the Philippines and Vietnam. For instance, in May 2019, the Indian Navy conducted joint exercises with the U.S., Japanese, and Philippine navies in the South China Sea. Additionally, India has been involved in oil and gas exploration with Vietnam in this region since the early 2000s, despite China’s objections. Strategically, India views the South China Sea as critical for ensuring freedom of navigation, given that a significant portion of its trade passes through the Malacca Strait. Furthermore, India perceives the region as a counterbalance to China’s presence in the Indian Ocean and as a platform to advance its “Act East Policy.”

Bilateral Issues Between India and China

The bilateral relationship between India and China is marked by several contentious issues, including their border dispute, the Tibet issue, and differing perceptions of each other’s role in regional and global politics.

1. Border Dispute: The long-standing border dispute between India and China has seen increased tensions, especially after the Galwan Valley clash in 2020. China’s reluctance to settle the border issue and its frequent violations of bilateral border agreements have exacerbated the situation. The standoff and subsequent military build-up along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) highlight the deep-seated mistrust between the two countries.
2. Tibet Issue: The Tibet factor plays a significant role in India-China relations. China’s control over Tibet and its policies towards the Dalai Lama have been sources of friction. India’s support for the Tibetan government-in-exile and the hosting of the Dalai Lama have been points of contention, contributing to the strained relationship.
3. Perceptions and Strategic Calculations: China’s perception of India as an emerging regional competitor, coupled with its historical view of India, contributes to a complex bilateral dynamic. India’s growing ties with the United States, especially in the context of the Quad alliance, are viewed by China as a security challenge. This perception influences China’s approach to India, including its policies in the South China Sea and along the shared border.

Conclusion

The South China Sea disputes and the India-China bilateral issues are intertwined with broader geopolitical dynamics. India’s increasing involvement in the South China Sea is driven by strategic interests, concerns over freedom of navigation, and the need to balance China’s growing regional influence. Simultaneously, the complex and often tense bilateral relationship between India and China, marked by border disputes, differing worldviews, and strategic competition, adds layers of complexity to the regional security landscape. Therefore, it is imperative for regional stakeholders to pursue diplomatic engagement and adhere to international law to ensure stability and prevent escalation of conflicts in this critical maritime domain.

Model Answer

Introduction

Launched in 2014, Project Mausam is an Indian government initiative aimed at exploring the historical and cultural linkages among countries in the Indian Ocean region. By fostering cultural understanding and people-to-people exchanges, the project enhances regional cooperation and stability. Importantly, it also has significant strategic dimensions that align with India’s interests in the region.

Strategic Dimensions of Project Mausam

Promoting Regional Connectivity

One of the core objectives of Project Mausam is to revive ancient maritime trade routes and enhance cultural exchanges. This initiative not only facilitates trade but also strengthens strategic ties with neighboring countries. According to a report by the Ministry of External Affairs, enhancing connectivity through maritime routes can lead to increased economic collaboration and regional stability (Ministry of External Affairs, 2014).

Enhancing Maritime Security

Project Mausam contributes to India’s maritime security by encouraging cooperation and information-sharing among Indian Ocean countries. This is particularly vital for addressing common security challenges such as piracy, smuggling, and terrorism. The Indian Navy has emphasized the need for collaborative efforts in maritime security, which is crucial for maintaining peace in these waters (Indian Navy, 2021).

Countering China’s Influence

With China expanding its influence in the Indian Ocean through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, Project Mausam serves as a counter-strategy for India. By fostering cultural and economic ties with its neighbors, India aims to build stronger regional partnerships and reduce its dependence on China. A study by the Observer Research Foundation highlights that enhancing cultural ties is critical for countering external influences in the region (Observer Research Foundation, 2020).

Conclusion

Project Mausam is a unique foreign policy initiative that not only promotes India’s soft power through shared cultural heritage but also has substantial strategic implications. By enhancing regional connectivity, maritime security, and countering external influences, the project positions India as a key player in the Indian Ocean region, ultimately contributing to greater regional stability and cooperation.