Bilateral Relations

Model Answer

Introduction

Indo-US and Indo-Russian defense relations are pivotal to India’s foreign policy. While Indo-Russian ties have a rich historical foundation, Indo-US relations have gained momentum due to shared democratic values and strategic interests. This shift has implications for stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

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Significance of Indo-US Defence Deals

1. Technological Advancement:
   • Indo-US defense deals grant India access to advanced military technology, enhancing its defense capabilities. For example, India’s acquisition of the F-21 fighter jet is expected to provide cutting-edge avionics and sensors (Business Standard, 2023).
2. Interoperability:
   • Collaboration with the US improves interoperability between Indian and US armed forces. Joint exercises, such as Malabar, facilitate seamless operations and coordinated responses during crises (The Diplomat, 2022).
3. Strategic Alignment:
   • Defence deals with the US strengthen India’s alignment with a major global power, fostering cooperation on shared security concerns, especially regarding China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific (Brookings Institution, 2023).

Significance of Indo-Russian Defence Deals

1. Historical Cooperation:
   • India has a longstanding relationship with Russia, being a significant buyer of Russian military hardware, which ensures a steady supply of defense resources (Economic Times, 2022).
2. Reliable Supplier:
   • Russia remains a dependable source for defense equipment and maintenance support, crucial for India’s defense preparedness (Hindustan Times, 2023).
3. Strategic Autonomy:
   • Deals with Russia allow India to diversify its defense procurement, maintaining a degree of strategic autonomy (Foreign Policy, 2022).

Overcoming Indo-Russian Defence Deals

• Access to Advanced Technology: Indo-US deals provide superior military technology compared to Russian offerings.
• Enhanced Interoperability: Joint operations with the US facilitate better coordination in complex security environments.
• Closer Strategic Partnership: The alignment with the US addresses pressing geopolitical challenges, particularly in the Indo-Pacific.
• Diversification of Defence Partnerships: Engaging multiple partners reduces dependence on Russia and promotes strategic flexibility.

Conclusion

Indo-US defense deals offer technological superiority, enhanced interoperability, and stronger strategic alignment, bolstering stability in the Indo-Pacific region. While Indo-Russian relations remain significant, Indo-US cooperation is crucial for addressing regional security challenges and maintaining a rules-based order.

Model Answer

Introduction

Launched in 2014, Project Mausam is an Indian government initiative aimed at exploring the historical and cultural linkages among countries in the Indian Ocean region. By fostering cultural understanding and people-to-people exchanges, the project enhances regional cooperation and stability. Importantly, it also has significant strategic dimensions that align with India’s interests in the region.

Strategic Dimensions of Project Mausam

Promoting Regional Connectivity

One of the core objectives of Project Mausam is to revive ancient maritime trade routes and enhance cultural exchanges. This initiative not only facilitates trade but also strengthens strategic ties with neighboring countries. According to a report by the Ministry of External Affairs, enhancing connectivity through maritime routes can lead to increased economic collaboration and regional stability (Ministry of External Affairs, 2014).

Enhancing Maritime Security

Project Mausam contributes to India’s maritime security by encouraging cooperation and information-sharing among Indian Ocean countries. This is particularly vital for addressing common security challenges such as piracy, smuggling, and terrorism. The Indian Navy has emphasized the need for collaborative efforts in maritime security, which is crucial for maintaining peace in these waters (Indian Navy, 2021).

Countering China’s Influence

With China expanding its influence in the Indian Ocean through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, Project Mausam serves as a counter-strategy for India. By fostering cultural and economic ties with its neighbors, India aims to build stronger regional partnerships and reduce its dependence on China. A study by the Observer Research Foundation highlights that enhancing cultural ties is critical for countering external influences in the region (Observer Research Foundation, 2020).

Conclusion

Project Mausam is a unique foreign policy initiative that not only promotes India’s soft power through shared cultural heritage but also has substantial strategic implications. By enhancing regional connectivity, maritime security, and countering external influences, the project positions India as a key player in the Indian Ocean region, ultimately contributing to greater regional stability and cooperation.

Model Answer

Introduction

The designation of India as a major defense partner by the United States in 2016 marked a significant milestone in bilateral relations. However, recent U.S. policies have clashed with India’s national self-esteem and ambitions, creating friction. A key reason for this tension is the lack of a clear role for India within U.S. global strategy.

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1. West Asia Policy

The U.S. adopts an adversarial approach towards Iran, aligning closely with Israel and Saudi Arabia. In contrast, India seeks a strong, united, and peaceful Iran due to its strategic interests, including oil imports and the Chabahar port project, which enhances connectivity through the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). The U.S. stance undermines India’s efforts to engage Iran, creating a conflict of interests.

2. Afghanistan Policy

The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan poses significant challenges for India. India has invested heavily in Afghanistan’s development to foster stability. However, the power vacuum created by the U.S. exit raises security concerns for India, particularly with Pakistan’s proximity to the Taliban. Any peace deal legitimizing the Taliban could jeopardize India’s interests and investments in the region.

3. Russia Policy

Historically, India has maintained strong strategic ties with Russia, which remains a key defense partner. The U.S. views Russia as an adversary and has imposed sanctions under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). This creates friction, especially concerning India’s procurement of the S-400 missile system, which the U.S. opposes.

4. Trade Relations

As a developing nation, India aims to lift millions out of poverty, making trade relations with the U.S. crucial. While the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) has benefited India, accusations from the U.S. of India not fully opening its market lead to tariffs on Indian exports. Additionally, U.S. policies aimed at countering China’s growth can inadvertently affect India’s economic ambitions.

Conclusion

While the U.S. sees India as a potential counterbalance to China, India must assert its own strategic interests to align with U.S. goals. Navigating these complexities requires India to engage in strategic hedging with major powers, recognizing that in international relations, interests are paramount. India’s diplomatic efforts are essential for fostering a more coherent and mutually beneficial partnership with the U.S.