Bilateral Relations

Model Answer

Introduction

India-Israel relations exemplify realism in foreign policy. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992, the partnership has rapidly expanded, covering diverse areas such as defense, homeland security, agriculture, water management, and education. A significant turning point in this relationship is the recent de-hyphenation of Israel and Palestine policies, allowing India to engage more freely with Israel.

Defense and Security Cooperation

The foundation of India-Israel relations is built on robust defense and security collaboration. This partnership has been particularly crucial in counter-terrorism, intelligence sharing, and military training. For instance, in 2017, India signed a significant $2 billion deal with Israel for advanced missile defense systems, enhancing India’s capacity to address cross-border threats.

Agricultural Cooperation

Agricultural collaboration stands out as another pillar of this partnership. India has integrated several Israeli agricultural technologies, notably drip irrigation, to boost productivity. The Indo-Israel Agriculture Project in Haryana exemplifies this cooperation, where farmers have seen increased crop yields and improved incomes through the adoption of innovative practices.

Economic Cooperation

Economic ties between India and Israel have also deepened, with both nations ranking among each other’s top trading partners. The launch of a joint innovation fund in 2020 highlights their commitment to fostering start-ups and promoting investment, signaling a growing economic synergy.

Cultural Exchanges

Cultural exchanges have flourished, further strengthening the bilateral relationship. Indian films filmed in Israel and performances by Israeli artists in India have fostered people-to-people connections, enriching cultural ties.

Conclusion

In conclusion, India’s relations with Israel have indeed acquired a depth and diversity that cannot be rolled back. The strategic partnership has evolved into a multidimensional relationship grounded in mutual interests and shared values, positioning both countries for future collaboration.

Model Answer

Introduction

The designation of India as a major defense partner by the United States in 2016 marked a significant milestone in bilateral relations. However, recent U.S. policies have clashed with India’s national self-esteem and ambitions, creating friction. A key reason for this tension is the lack of a clear role for India within U.S. global strategy.

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1. West Asia Policy

The U.S. adopts an adversarial approach towards Iran, aligning closely with Israel and Saudi Arabia. In contrast, India seeks a strong, united, and peaceful Iran due to its strategic interests, including oil imports and the Chabahar port project, which enhances connectivity through the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). The U.S. stance undermines India’s efforts to engage Iran, creating a conflict of interests.

2. Afghanistan Policy

The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan poses significant challenges for India. India has invested heavily in Afghanistan’s development to foster stability. However, the power vacuum created by the U.S. exit raises security concerns for India, particularly with Pakistan’s proximity to the Taliban. Any peace deal legitimizing the Taliban could jeopardize India’s interests and investments in the region.

3. Russia Policy

Historically, India has maintained strong strategic ties with Russia, which remains a key defense partner. The U.S. views Russia as an adversary and has imposed sanctions under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). This creates friction, especially concerning India’s procurement of the S-400 missile system, which the U.S. opposes.

4. Trade Relations

As a developing nation, India aims to lift millions out of poverty, making trade relations with the U.S. crucial. While the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) has benefited India, accusations from the U.S. of India not fully opening its market lead to tariffs on Indian exports. Additionally, U.S. policies aimed at countering China’s growth can inadvertently affect India’s economic ambitions.

Conclusion

While the U.S. sees India as a potential counterbalance to China, India must assert its own strategic interests to align with U.S. goals. Navigating these complexities requires India to engage in strategic hedging with major powers, recognizing that in international relations, interests are paramount. India’s diplomatic efforts are essential for fostering a more coherent and mutually beneficial partnership with the U.S.

Model Answer

Introduction

India and Sri Lanka share a long-standing friendship, characterized by deep cultural, economic, and political ties. In light of the recent crisis in Sri Lanka, India’s response has been shaped by this relationship, providing support in areas such as COVID-19 assistance, economic challenges, and diplomatic engagement.

Background: Reasons for the Crisis in Sri Lanka

Ethnic Tensions

Sri Lanka has faced persistent ethnic tensions, particularly between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamil communities. Historical discrimination against Tamils in education, employment, and government representation has fueled discontent.

Civil War Legacy

The 26-year civil war with the Tamil Tigers, which ended in 2009, left profound scars and divisions within the country. The aftermath has led to ongoing political power struggles and instability.

Economic Challenges

High levels of debt, unemployment, and systemic corruption have exacerbated economic instability. The COVID-19 pandemic further worsened these challenges, impacting livelihoods and governance.

International Pressure

The international community’s calls for accountability regarding human rights abuses during the civil war have complicated reconciliation efforts.

India’s Role During the Crisis

COVID-19 Assistance

India has provided essential medical supplies and equipment to bolster Sri Lanka’s COVID-19 response, demonstrating its commitment to the health of its neighbor.

Economic Support

India extended lines of credit and financial assistance to help Sri Lanka navigate its economic challenges, reflecting a proactive approach to regional stability.

Diplomatic Engagement

Through the India-Sri Lanka Joint Commission, India has engaged in diplomatic efforts aimed at fostering stability and reconciliation in Sri Lanka.

Defense Cooperation

India has collaborated with Sri Lanka to enhance defense capabilities, particularly in maritime security, ensuring regional safety.

Cultural Ties

India supports cultural exchanges and preservation efforts, reinforcing the strong cultural bonds that exist between the two nations.

Conclusion

India has played a crucial role in supporting Sri Lanka during its recent crisis, demonstrating the depth of their bilateral relationship. To ensure long-term stability, India should continue to advocate for reconciliation and economic development in Sri Lanka while respecting its sovereignty.