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Extremism

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Home/Internal Security/Extremism

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ameya Srivastava
  • 1
Ameya SrivastavaLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
  • 1

“Development cannot occur without peace,” but it is difficult to make the shift from being an active rebel to a democratic agent. Discuss the remark in light of the most recent events in the Northeast.

upsc: extremism
  1. Ranjan Gaikwad
    Ranjan Gaikwad Begginer

    According to a Home Ministry’s data released in 2019 reveals that insurgency in the Northeast region has been declining since 2014. Almost all major insurgent groups in the Northeast have abjured violence and are engaged in peace talks with the Government of India. However, the indeterminate natureRead more

    According to a Home Ministry’s data released in 2019 reveals that insurgency in the Northeast region has been declining since 2014. Almost all major insurgent groups in the Northeast have abjured violence and are engaged in peace talks with the Government of India. However, the indeterminate nature of the peace talks, active cadres of anti-talk factions, poor implementation of ceasefire rules and persistent antiforeigner sentiments can potentially damage the fragile peace achieved in the region.

    Recent Developments In Northeast

    1. Compared to 2013, insurgency incidents declined significantly by 66%, civilian casualties by 79%, casualties among security forces by 23%, and kidnapping or abduction cases by 62% in the region in 2018.
    2. As of 2020, the arc of violence in the entire Northeast has shrunk primarily to an area which is the tri-junction between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and north Nagaland.
    3. The decades-old Bodo insurgency came to an end with the signing of a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) by the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) in January 2020 and the complete disbandment of its armed cadres two months later in March.

    Why Development Cannot Happen Without Peace In This Region

    1. Militancy has stalled the prospect of linking the economy of the northeast with the neighbouring Southeast Asian countries.
    2. Tourism, which could have flourished in the scenic northeast, has suffered a lot due to instability in the region.
    3. Extortion by the militant groups on the national highways that connect the different states with mainland India has shot up the prices of essential commodities.
    4. In the oil-rich Assam, militants have periodically targeted oil and gas pipelines for sabotage, alleging that India is exploiting the natural resources of the state.
    5. National projects such as the extension of the rail lines have either been stalled or have moved with a tardy pace after militants attacked the construction sites and abducted workers.
    6. The education sector too has been affected by militancy. A number of schools in states like Tripura’s interior areas have been shut as teachers avoid the areas due to fear of militant strikes.

    Why Is Transition Difficult?

    Despite the improvement in the security situation in the Northeast, there remain a number of issues that have the potential to increase the level of violence in the region and make the transition to an agent of democracy difficult.

    1. Due to protracted peace talks, insurgents staying in designated camps feel increasingly demoralised and frustrated, as the absence of final settlement prevents a clear roadmap for their proper rehabilitation.
    2. Poor Implementation of Ceasefire Agreements: The failure of the Union government to properly implement the ceasefire agreements has resulted in numerous turf wars and armed rivalries between the insurgent groups. For eg: the NSCN (IM) has been running a kidnapping and extortion racket despite being under a ceasefire agreement with the Government.
    3. Active Insurgent Groups in Myanmar: It is reported that currently around 2000-3000 insurgent cadres belonging to the ULFA-I and Meitei separatist outfits are still hiding at different locations in Myanmar. Until such time these anti-talk breakaway factions are brought to the negotiating table, insurgency in the region will continue and peace will remain a distant dream.
    4. Anti-CAA Agitation: The implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA) in Assam’s non-scheduled areas has generated resentment against the Union government. It has provided an issue for insurgent groups such as the ULFA-I to mobilise and recruit youth.
    5. There are over a hundred ethnic groups in the Northeast who want to retain their uniqueness in their political and social orientations as well. It is due to this there are so many divisive forces at play in this reason which gave rise to the insurgency.
    6. Trans-national linkage: India’s Northeast is one of South Asia’s hottest trouble spots, not only because the region has as many as 30 armed insurgent organizations but also due to transborder linkages that these groups have, and strategic alliances among them, have acted as force multipliers and have made the conflict dynamics all the more intricate.

    Way Forward

    1. Enhancing Connectivity: Comprehensive geographical connectivity is key to the development of NorthEast states. For this transit arrangement to connect to the Indian mainland through Bangladesh and India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral highway should be completed.
    2. Continuing vigilance: India should not lower its guard thinking insurgency has ended it should continue to be vigilant. There have been instances where violent acts have been committed after a very long gap by newly formed groups. The centre and the state government should identify all the groups small and big and deal with them so that the insurgency doesn’t spring up again.
    3. Addressing people’s aspirations: The conflict in the NorthEast is the physical manifestation of the aspiration of people. Thus there is a need to address the aspirations of the people by establishing continuous dialogues with them.
    4. Forward looking policy: A structured counterinsurgency policy is needed in which all the factors should be considered by the government by consulting all the stakeholders to comprehensively deal with such insurgency in the future.
    5. Greater integration: A sense of belongingness should be encouraged among the local population and a sense of pride should be inculcated in them for their contributions made to India such as the Kohima war during the Indian freedom struggle.

     

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Chandrapal Singh
  • 0
Chandrapal SinghBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about how extremism affects the growth of Indian tribes. What actions have been made in response to this problem? (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: extremism
  1. Kuldeep Sharma
    Kuldeep Sharma Begginer

    Extremism, particularly by Naxalite groups, significantly hinders tribal development in India. These groups disrupt economic activities by attacking infrastructure and halting development projects, leading to poverty and unemployment in tribal areas. For instance, in states like Chhattisgarh and JhaRead more

    Extremism, particularly by Naxalite groups, significantly hinders tribal development in India. These groups disrupt economic activities by attacking infrastructure and halting development projects, leading to poverty and unemployment in tribal areas. For instance, in states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, frequent violence has prevented the construction of schools and healthcare centers, depriving tribes of essential services. The conflict has also caused widespread displacement, forcing many to abandon their ancestral lands and livelihoods.
    To address this, the Indian government has implemented several measures. Development initiatives like the Integrated Action Plan (IAP) aim to improve infrastructure and basic services in affected districts. Enhanced security measures include deploying additional forces and specialized counter-insurgency units. Efforts at dialogue with extremist groups, such as peace talks and surrender schemes, seek to address grievances and integrate insurgents into society. Legal reforms like the Forest Rights Act (2006) protect tribal land rights, while social programs focus on education and healthcare improvements, such as residential schools and mobile clinics. Community involvement in planning ensures that development aligns with tribal needs. Despite these efforts, sustained action is required to tackle the root causes of extremism and promote tribal development effectively.

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Ishaan Menon
  • 0
Ishaan MenonBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the benefits and drawbacks of land reforms for preserving social cohesiveness as well as how they affect marginalized populations’ complaints.

upsc: extremism
  1. Bhavesh Desai
    Bhavesh Desai Begginer

    Land reforms play a crucial role in addressing the grievances of marginalized communities and are vital for maintaining social cohesion. In many countries, particularly in developing regions, land reforms have been a fundamental aspect of efforts to address historical injustices, promote equitable dRead more

    Land reforms play a crucial role in addressing the grievances of marginalized communities and are vital for maintaining social cohesion. In many countries, particularly in developing regions, land reforms have been a fundamental aspect of efforts to address historical injustices, promote equitable development, and foster social stability. Here’s an analysis of the role of land reforms and their implications for social cohesion:

    Role of Land Reforms

    1. Addressing Historical Injustices

    Overview:

    • Redistribution of Land: Land reforms often involve the redistribution of land from large landowners or colonial estates to landless or marginalized individuals and communities.
    • Correcting Inequities: These reforms aim to rectify historical injustices related to land ownership and usage, ensuring that previously disenfranchised groups gain access to land and resources.

    Impact on Marginalized Communities:

    • Empowerment: Access to land can empower marginalized communities by providing them with a stable base for economic activities and improving their livelihoods.
    • Redressal of Grievances: By addressing land-related grievances, such as displacement or exclusion, land reforms can help in mitigating long-standing tensions and inequalities.

    2. Enhancing Economic Opportunities

    Overview:

    • Improved Livelihoods: Land ownership or secure land tenure provides individuals and families with opportunities to engage in agriculture, business, and other economic activities.
    • Access to Credit: Land ownership can improve access to credit and financial services, as land can be used as collateral for loans.

    Impact on Marginalized Communities:

    • Increased Productivity: Secure land tenure allows marginalized communities to invest in land improvements, leading to increased agricultural productivity and economic growth.
    • Economic Inclusion: Land reforms can facilitate economic inclusion by providing marginalized communities with the means to participate in and benefit from economic development.

    3. Promoting Social Justice and Equity

    Overview:

    • Fair Distribution: Land reforms aim to promote social justice by ensuring a more equitable distribution of land and resources.
    • Legal Rights: Legal recognition of land rights for marginalized communities helps in reducing exploitation and discrimination.

    Impact on Marginalized Communities:

    • Social Inclusion: By providing legal rights and equitable access to land, reforms help in integrating marginalized communities into the social and economic mainstream.
    • Reduction in Conflicts: Addressing land-related grievances and promoting equity can help in reducing social conflicts and fostering social harmony.

    Implications for Social Cohesion

    1. Strengthening Social Stability

    Overview:

    • Reducing Tensions: Effective land reforms can help in reducing social and economic tensions related to land disputes and inequalities.
    • Building Trust: By addressing historical injustices and providing equitable access to resources, land reforms can build trust between marginalized communities and the state.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Social Harmony: Addressing land grievances and promoting equitable development contribute to social harmony and stability.
    • Trust in Institutions: Effective land reforms enhance trust in governmental and legal institutions by demonstrating a commitment to addressing historical injustices and promoting fairness.

    2. Encouraging Community Engagement

    Overview:

    • Participatory Approaches: Inclusive land reform processes that involve community participation can enhance social cohesion by ensuring that the needs and perspectives of marginalized groups are considered.
    • Capacity Building: Land reforms often include capacity-building measures that empower communities to manage and utilize their land effectively.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Community Empowerment: Engaging communities in the land reform process fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, strengthening community ties and cooperation.
    • Improved Local Governance: Strengthened local governance structures through land reforms can enhance community engagement and participation in decision-making processes.

    3. Supporting Sustainable Development

    Overview:

    • Environmental Stewardship: Land reforms that incorporate sustainable land management practices contribute to environmental conservation and long-term development.
    • Resource Management: Equitable access to land promotes better resource management and reduces the risk of over-exploitation or degradation.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Sustainable Communities: By promoting sustainable land use and resource management, land reforms support the development of resilient and self-sufficient communities.
    • Long-Term Stability: Sustainable development practices contribute to long-term social and economic stability, reinforcing social cohesion.

    Challenges and Considerations

    1. Implementation Challenges

    Overview:

    • Bureaucratic Hurdles: Implementing land reforms can face bureaucratic obstacles, including inefficient land administration and lack of political will.
    • Resistance from Elites: Resistance from powerful landowners or interest groups can hinder the effective implementation of land reforms.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Ineffective Reforms: Incomplete or poorly implemented reforms can exacerbate grievances and lead to social unrest.
    • Need for Political Will: Successful land reforms require strong political commitment and effective governance to address resistance and ensure fair implementation.

    2. Ensuring Fairness

    Overview:

    • Equitable Distribution: Ensuring that land distribution is fair and benefits the intended marginalized communities is crucial for the success of land reforms.
    • Legal Protections: Providing legal protections and support services to new landowners helps in securing their rights and preventing exploitation.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Perceived Injustice: Perceptions of unfairness or favoritism in the distribution process can undermine social cohesion and lead to further grievances.
    • Effective Support Systems: Implementing support systems and legal protections ensures that land reforms contribute positively to social stability and cohesion.

    Conclusion

    Land reforms are instrumental in addressing the grievances of marginalized communities by redistributing land, enhancing economic opportunities, and promoting social justice. They play a key role in maintaining social cohesion by reducing historical injustices, building trust, and fostering community engagement. However, the success of land reforms depends on their effective implementation, fairness, and the ability to overcome challenges. When well-executed, land reforms contribute to social stability, economic development, and sustainable progress, benefiting both marginalized communities and society as a whole.

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Ishaan Menon
  • 0
Ishaan MenonBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the connections between food security, land reforms, and the suppression of social unrest in India.

upsc: extremism
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    The linkages between land reforms, food security, and the prevention of social unrest in India are interconnected and multifaceted. Land reforms aim to address historical land inequalities and improve land management, which in turn can impact food security and social stability. Here’s an assessmentRead more

    The linkages between land reforms, food security, and the prevention of social unrest in India are interconnected and multifaceted. Land reforms aim to address historical land inequalities and improve land management, which in turn can impact food security and social stability. Here’s an assessment of these linkages:

    1. Land Reforms and Food Security

    Overview:

    • Objective of Land Reforms: Land reforms in India have historically aimed to redistribute land, improve land tenure security, and enhance agricultural productivity.
    • Impact on Agriculture: Effective land reforms can lead to more equitable access to land, which is crucial for agricultural production and food security.

    Linkages:

    • Redistribution of Land: By redistributing land to landless or marginal farmers, land reforms can increase agricultural productivity and improve food production. Secure land tenure encourages investment in land improvements and sustainable practices.
    • Tenure Security: Secure land rights ensure that farmers have the incentive to invest in their land and adopt modern agricultural techniques, contributing to increased food production and stability.
    • Access to Resources: Land reforms can provide farmers with access to government support, such as subsidies, credit, and technical assistance, further enhancing agricultural productivity and food security.

    Impact on Food Security:

    • Increased Productivity: Land reforms can lead to increased agricultural productivity by ensuring that land is used more efficiently and effectively.
    • Stable Food Supply: Improved agricultural output contributes to a more stable and reliable food supply, which is crucial for food security at both the household and national levels.

    2. Food Security and Prevention of Social Unrest

    Overview:

    • Food Security: Food security involves ensuring that all people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life.
    • Social Unrest: Social unrest can arise from food shortages, rising food prices, and inequitable access to food, often exacerbated by economic and political factors.

    Linkages:

    • Economic Stability: Food security is closely linked to economic stability. Adequate food supply and stable food prices contribute to economic stability and reduce the risk of social unrest.
    • Social Cohesion: Ensuring equitable access to food helps to prevent social tensions and unrest by addressing grievances related to food scarcity and inequality.
    • Health and Well-being: Food security is essential for health and well-being. Malnutrition and food deprivation can lead to social and health problems, which can contribute to social instability.

    Impact on Social Unrest:

    • Prevention of Hunger Protests: Adequate food security helps to prevent hunger protests and riots, which can arise from food shortages or high food prices.
    • Reduced Inequality: Addressing food security issues reduces economic and social inequalities, which can mitigate the risk of social unrest.

    3. Land Reforms, Food Security, and Social Unrest

    Interconnections:

    • Historical Context: In India, land reforms were initially implemented to address feudal landholdings and land inequalities. However, their success has been mixed, and uneven implementation has sometimes led to continued social and economic disparities.
    • Impact on Food Security: Effective land reforms can enhance food security by increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring more equitable distribution of land. This, in turn, reduces the likelihood of food-related unrest.
    • Impact on Social Stability: Addressing land and food security issues can help to prevent social unrest by reducing economic disparities and ensuring that basic needs are met. When communities feel secure in their land rights and have access to adequate food, social stability is more likely to be maintained.

    Challenges and Considerations:

    • Implementation Issues: The effectiveness of land reforms depends on proper implementation and enforcement. Inadequate or poorly executed reforms can fail to address land inequalities and food security issues.
    • Integration of Policies: Land reforms, food security measures, and social stability efforts need to be integrated and coordinated. Policies should address the root causes of food insecurity and social unrest while ensuring that land reforms are implemented effectively.
    • Support Systems: Complementary support systems, such as agricultural extension services, credit facilities, and social safety nets, are crucial for maximizing the benefits of land reforms and enhancing food security.

    Case Studies

    1. Land Reforms in West Bengal

    Background:

    • Land Reforms: West Bengal implemented significant land reforms in the 1970s and 1980s, including land redistribution and tenancy reforms.

    Impact:

    • Increased Productivity: The reforms led to increased agricultural productivity and improved food security in the region.
    • Social Stability: The reforms helped to address land inequalities and reduce social tensions related to land issues.

    2. Food Security Programs

    Background:

    • National Food Security Act: India’s National Food Security Act (2013) aims to provide subsidized food to low-income households.

    Impact:

    • Improved Access: The Act has improved access to food for millions of people, contributing to better food security and reducing the risk of food-related unrest.
    • Social Benefits: By addressing food insecurity, the Act helps to maintain social stability and prevent unrest related to food shortages.

    Conclusion

    The linkages between land reforms, food security, and the prevention of social unrest in India are significant and complex. Effective land reforms can enhance food security by improving land tenure security and increasing agricultural productivity. In turn, improved food security can reduce social unrest by addressing basic needs and mitigating economic and social inequalities. However, successful outcomes depend on the proper implementation of land reforms, coordinated policies, and supportive measures to address both land and food security challenges. By addressing these interconnected issues, it is possible to promote social stability and sustainable development in India.

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Jitendra Singh
  • 0
Jitendra SinghBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Do you think that the definitions of “over-ground workers” (OGWs) and “hybrid militant” accurately capture the evolving nature of militancy? (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: extremism
  1. Neeru Kumari
    Neeru Kumari Begginer

    Hybrid militants are those who lead mostly regular civilian lives, including being engaged in activities like studying or working for the most of the day, until they slip out to carry out an assigned attack and then return to their normal routine. Whereas, the over-ground workers (OGWs) are the peopRead more

    Hybrid militants are those who lead mostly regular civilian lives, including being engaged in activities like studying or working for the most of the day, until they slip out to carry out an assigned attack and then return to their normal routine. Whereas, the over-ground workers (OGWs) are the people who provide logistical support, cash, accommodation, and other facilities to the militants and assist them in their surreptitious movement. Usage of these two terms highlights the changing dynamics of militancy, which is evident from the following arguments:

    • Maintaining anonymity: In contemporary times, militants appear to have changed their strategy by keeping their militant identity hidden, making it difficult for security agencies to track them down. For e.g., many hybrid militants do not have a track record of engaging in anti-state activity making it difficult to be found in police records.
    • Wide and clever use of social media: The new militants use social media to spread the call of jihad and inspire the youth to join their ranks. For e.g., hybrid militants are often radicalized online and even receive an easy-to-use weapon to complete the assigned tasks. So, social media has made the process of recruitment much easier.
    • Changing targets: In the past, security forces were the main targets. Now, civilians and unarmed policemen are bearing the brunt of militant attacks. For e.g., according to J&K police, more than 70% of the 55 targeted killings since 2021 by hybrid militants have been civilians.
    • Rising local support: OGWs act as eyes and ears of the underground militants, arranging hideouts, transporting weapons from safe havens to places where militants plan to carry out strikes, keeping an eye on security forces’ movements, distributing separatist literature, and engaging in hate campaigns against security forces. While the recruitment process has become easier under the new militancy, the local recruits like hybrid militants and OGWs are very poorly trained and these militants do not last long in combat with security forces. Further, it is pertinent to mention that the usage of these terms has raised some concerns as well, including the following: As “hybrid” is used as a mere term for an unrecognized militant, it can be misused easily by the security agencies in a region like Kashmir, where forces enjoy special powers under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Both the terms have raised concerns as many families, whose members were killed and declared as hybrid or OGWs by the security forces, considered them innocent.

    As the militants have preferred to conceal their identity, the task of the security agencies to carry out anti-militancy operations has become difficult. The changing contours of militancy demand a redefinition of policies and responses that must go beyond traditional approaches.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (30-40 words) Provide a brief introduction to LWE (Left Wing Extremism) or Naxalism and its impact on India’s internal security. Mention the current trend:

upsc: extremism
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, has been a serious threat to India's internal security, especially in central and eastern regions. LWE disrupts socio-economic development and challenges democratic governance. Although LWE violence has shown a siRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, has been a serious threat to India’s internal security, especially in central and eastern regions. LWE disrupts socio-economic development and challenges democratic governance. Although LWE violence has shown a significant downward trend in recent years, it continues to affect many parts of the country.

    Reduction in LWE Incidents

    Government efforts have led to remarkable progress in reducing LWE activities. For example:

    • Violent incidents related to LWE dropped by 76% in 2022 compared to 2010.
    • Deaths of civilians and security personnel due to LWE fell by 90%, from 1005 in 2010 to just 98 in 2022.
    • The number of LWE-affected districts has decreased from 90 to 45.
      Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, 2022.

    Government Measures to Counter LWE

    1. Security Measures

      • Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: This scheme financially supports state governments to strengthen their security forces and infrastructure in combating LWE.
      • Modernisation of State Police Forces: Police forces are being equipped with modern weapons, communication systems, and enhanced training programs to increase their efficiency.
        Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

    2. Developmental Initiatives

      • Integrated Action Plan (IAP): This initiative focuses on reducing socio-economic disparities in LWE-affected regions by accelerating development projects.
      • Aspirational Districts Programme: Targets underdeveloped districts, many of which are LWE-affected, to transform them through multi-sectoral development efforts.
        Source: NITI Aayog, Government of India.

    3. Political Approaches

      • Enhancing Local Governance: Strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions to increase local participation in governance and address grievances that fuel extremism.
        Source: Ministry of Panchayati Raj.

    4. Social Strategies

      • Rehabilitation and Surrender Policies: These policies incentivize Naxals to surrender and reintegrate into society, offering a humane approach while maintaining law enforcement.
        Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

    Conclusion

    The significant reduction in LWE incidents highlights the success of India’s comprehensive strategy. Moving forward, enhancing local governance, focusing on inclusive growth, and leveraging technology for both development and security will be crucial to ensuring lasting peace in LWE-affected regions.

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Hirak Roy Chowdhury
  • 0
Hirak Roy ChowdhuryBegginer
Asked: August 11, 2024In: , , ,
  • 0

question
  1. Ela Bhadoria
    Ela Bhadoria Begginer

    The statement that "the current political developments in Bangladesh have a smell of Left-wing extremism" requires careful consideration of Bangladesh's political context and recent developments. Let's examine the arguments for and against this characterization: Arguments in Defense of the StatementRead more

    The statement that “the current political developments in Bangladesh have a smell of Left-wing extremism” requires careful consideration of Bangladesh’s political context and recent developments. Let’s examine the arguments for and against this characterization:

    Arguments in Defense of the Statement
    Historical Context and Left-Wing Influence:

    Historical Left-Wing Movements: Bangladesh has a history of left-wing movements, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, which included various Marxist and socialist groups. The influence of such movements in the past might contribute to the perception of current developments having a “smell” of left-wing extremism.
    Current Left-Wing Parties: Some left-leaning parties or factions might still be active in Bangladesh’s political landscape. If their influence is growing, it could be seen as a shift towards more radical leftist policies.
    Policy Shifts:

    Economic Policies: If the current government or opposition is implementing or advocating for policies that heavily favor state control over the economy, wealth redistribution, or extensive social welfare programs, these could be viewed as indicative of left-wing extremism.
    Regulation and Reform: Aggressive reforms or regulations aimed at redistributing wealth or limiting corporate power might be seen as leftist in nature.
    Political Rhetoric:

    Public Discourse: If political leaders or groups are using rhetoric that is explicitly Marxist or socialist, this could contribute to the perception of left-wing extremism. This includes criticism of capitalism or calls for radical social change.
    Arguments Refuting the Statement
    Current Government’s Ideology:

    Political Context: The ruling party in Bangladesh, the Awami League, is generally considered centrist or center-left rather than extremist. While it may support some social welfare initiatives, this does not necessarily align with left-wing extremism.
    Policy Focus: The government’s policies might focus more on economic development and stability rather than radical leftist ideologies. They might implement social programs, but these are often in line with broader developmental goals rather than extreme leftist agendas.
    Opposition Dynamics:

    Opposition Parties: The major opposition parties, like the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), are typically center-right or conservative, and their policies do not align with left-wing extremism. Their criticism of the government does not necessarily indicate a leftist turn.
    Civil Society and Activism:

    Civil Society Influence: Bangladesh’s civil society and various activist groups often focus on issues like human rights, democratic governance, and social justice rather than advocating for left-wing extremism. Their influence, while significant, does not necessarily reflect a broader trend towards left-wing extremism.
    Economic and Political Realities:

    Realpolitik: The economic and political realities in Bangladesh, including its dependence on international aid and investment, often limit the extent to which extreme leftist policies can be implemented. The need for economic stability and international relations typically moderates policy shifts.
    Conclusion
    Whether or not current political developments in Bangladesh reflect left-wing extremism depends on how one defines and interprets extremism and leftist ideologies. While there may be elements of left-leaning policies or rhetoric, this does not necessarily mean that left-wing extremism is driving the political landscape.

    The current political developments might better be understood in the context of broader political, economic, and social factors rather than a straightforward label of left-wing extremism. It’s essential to analyze specific policies, party platforms, and the broader political environment to accurately assess the nature of political trends in Bangladesh.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 24, 2024In:
  • 0

Describe the 2020 Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy in (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]

uppsc: extremism
  1. Ayana Chopra
    Ayana Chopra Learner

    Steps Taken by the Government to Counter Naxalism in India **1. Security Operations The government has intensified counter-insurgency operations to neutralize Naxal threats. Operation Samadhan and Operation Green Hunt have been significant in targeting Naxal strongholds. For example, the recent OperRead more

    Steps Taken by the Government to Counter Naxalism in India

    **1. Security Operations

    The government has intensified counter-insurgency operations to neutralize Naxal threats. Operation Samadhan and Operation Green Hunt have been significant in targeting Naxal strongholds. For example, the recent Operation Prahar in Chhattisgarh has been aimed at dismantling Naxal infrastructure and reducing their influence in the region.

    **2. Development Programs

    The government has implemented various development initiatives to address the socio-economic factors that fuel Naxalism. The Integrated Action Plan (IAP) and the Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana focus on infrastructure development, education, and healthcare in Naxal-affected areas. Recent projects include the construction of roads and schools under the Prime Minister’s Rural Development Scheme to improve connectivity and access to essential services.

    **3. Policy and Governance Reforms

    Policy reforms and improved governance in Naxal-hit states aim to address grievances that contribute to Naxal recruitment. The Tribal Sub-Plan and Scheduled Areas Development Programme are designed to ensure better resource allocation and administrative support for tribal communities.

    **4. Community Engagement

    Efforts have been made to enhance community engagement and promote local governance. The government is working on strengthening village-level committees and increasing public participation in governance through initiatives like Gram Sabha and Village Development Committees.

    **5. Coordination with States

    Enhanced cooperation between central and state agencies is critical for effective counter-Naxal operations. The formation of Joint Task Forces and improved intelligence-sharing mechanisms aim to streamline efforts and ensure better coordination in tackling Naxal activities.

    In summary, the government is employing a multi-faceted approach to counter Naxalism, focusing on security operations, development programs, governance reforms, community engagement, and state coordination to address both the immediate and underlying causes of the insurgency.

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Arman Khan
  • 0
Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how land reforms affect stability and internal security, especially in light of left-wing radicalism and intercommunal strife.

upsc: extremism
  1. Mihir Malhotra
    Mihir Malhotra Begginer

    Analyzing the Impact of Land Reforms on Internal Security and Stability 1. Introduction Land reforms play a crucial role in shaping internal security and stability within a country. In India, the relationship between land reforms and internal security is particularly significant in the context of leRead more

    Analyzing the Impact of Land Reforms on Internal Security and Stability

    1. Introduction

    Land reforms play a crucial role in shaping internal security and stability within a country. In India, the relationship between land reforms and internal security is particularly significant in the context of left-wing extremism and communal tensions. Effective land reforms can address grievances that fuel extremism and communal discord, while inadequate or poorly implemented reforms can exacerbate these issues.

    2. Impact of Land Reforms on Left-Wing Extremism

    A. Addressing Economic Disparities

    1. Reducing Rural Poverty: Land reforms aim to reduce economic disparities by redistributing land to landless and marginalized communities. For example, the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963, sought to improve land distribution and reduce inequalities. By addressing land ownership issues, such reforms help mitigate rural poverty, a key factor contributing to left-wing extremism. The Naxalite movement in regions like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh is partly driven by grievances over land and resource inequalities.

    2. Strengthening Rural Livelihoods: Land reforms that promote equitable land distribution can enhance rural livelihoods and reduce susceptibility to extremist ideologies. The Madhya Pradesh government’s efforts to implement land reform measures in tribal areas have aimed to improve land tenure security and support sustainable livelihoods, helping to counteract extremist influences.

    B. Enhancing Governance and Law Enforcement

    1. Improving Governance: Effective land reforms contribute to better governance by formalizing land tenure and reducing disputes. In Telangana, the digitalization of land records under the Pattadar Passbook Scheme has streamlined land management and reduced corruption, thus enhancing governance and reducing the appeal of extremist groups that exploit land-related grievances.

    2. Strengthening Law and Order: Land reforms that reduce disputes and provide clear land rights help strengthen law and order. The Chhattisgarh Land Revenue Code, 1959, has been instrumental in clarifying land rights and reducing conflicts, which can help diminish the appeal of extremist groups operating in resource-rich areas.

    3. Impact of Land Reforms on Communal Tensions

    A. Reducing Social Inequalities

    1. Promoting Social Justice: Land reforms can promote social justice by redistributing land to marginalized communities, thus addressing historical injustices. For instance, the Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961, aimed to address land concentration and provide land to the landless, helping to alleviate social tensions in diverse communities.

    2. Integrating Marginalized Communities: By integrating marginalized communities into the socio-economic mainstream, land reforms can reduce communal tensions. The Assam Accord of 2020, which includes provisions for land allocation to indigenous communities, seeks to address grievances that contribute to communal conflicts in the region.

    B. Mitigating Conflicts Over Land Resources

    1. Addressing Resource Competition: Land reforms can mitigate conflicts over land and resources between different communities. The Gujarat Land Reforms Act, 1960, which focused on land consolidation and equitable distribution, has helped reduce conflicts in areas with mixed communities by addressing resource distribution issues.

    2. Improving Inter-Community Relations: Effective land reforms can improve inter-community relations by reducing competition and fostering cooperation. The Uttar Pradesh Land Reform Act, 1950, which sought to address land tenure issues and promote equitable distribution, has contributed to better community relations by reducing land-related disputes.

    4. Measures to Strengthen Land Reforms for Internal Security

    A. Comprehensive Policy Framework

    1. Inclusive Land Reforms: Ensuring that land reforms are inclusive and address the needs of all marginalized groups is essential for internal stability. The National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP), which aims to digitize land records and improve land management, should be complemented by policies that address the needs of marginalized communities.

    2. Integrated Development Approach: Adopting an integrated development approach that combines land reforms with social and economic development initiatives can enhance stability. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), which aims to improve rural infrastructure, complements land reforms by addressing broader developmental needs.

    B. Effective Implementation and Monitoring

    1. Strengthening Institutions: Building strong institutions for the implementation of land reforms is crucial. The Revenue Department and other land administration bodies should be strengthened to ensure effective execution of reforms and resolution of disputes.

    2. Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of land reform programs can help identify issues and ensure that reforms are addressing the root causes of extremism and communal tensions. The State Land Reforms Commissions, which assess the implementation and impact of land reforms, play a critical role in this process.

    C. Community Engagement and Awareness

    1. Engaging Local Communities: Involving local communities in the planning and implementation of land reforms can ensure that reforms are responsive to their needs and concerns. The Community Land Trusts model, used in some states, helps in managing land resources collaboratively and addressing local issues.

    2. Raising Awareness: Educating communities about their rights and the benefits of land reforms can help build support and reduce tensions. Awareness programs and outreach initiatives should be part of land reform strategies to foster understanding and cooperation.

    5. Conclusion

    Land reforms have a significant impact on internal security and stability by addressing economic disparities, promoting social justice, and mitigating communal tensions. However, the effectiveness of these reforms depends on their design, implementation, and monitoring. By adopting comprehensive, inclusive, and well-monitored land reform strategies, it is possible to enhance internal security, reduce extremism, and foster social harmony.

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