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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions
Keshav BajajBegginer
Examine the contribution that the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and the state-level procurement agencies made to the successful execution of the PDS. Talk about the steps that need to be taken to improve the effectiveness, accountability, and transparency of ...
Tara AgnihotriBegginer
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly define the Public Distribution System (PDS). Mention its significance in food security and the challenges it faces. Fact: PDS is the largest food security scheme globally, covering about 60% of the Indian population. (Source: Government of India) 2. ...
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Model Answer Introduction The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is critical for ensuring food security for low-income households. Despite being the largest food security scheme, it faces challenges such as hunger prevalence and inefficiencies in distribution. To enhance its effectiveness, thRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is critical for ensuring food security for low-income households. Despite being the largest food security scheme, it faces challenges such as hunger prevalence and inefficiencies in distribution. To enhance its effectiveness, the government has initiated several reformative steps.
Key Reformative Steps
1. End-to-End Computerization
The government has implemented an end-to-end computerization of the supply chain management, which includes the procurement, storage, transport, and distribution of food grains. This digitization aims to minimize human errors and streamline processes, leading to a more efficient system.
2. Real-Time Tracking Systems
To combat the black market diversion of subsidized food grains, the government has introduced GPS and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) systems for real-time tracking of transport vehicles. This technology enhances transparency and accountability in the distribution process.
3. Aadhaar Seeding
The integration of Aadhaar with ration cards helps eliminate duplicate and ineligible cards, ensuring that benefits reach the intended recipients. This measure is crucial for rightful targeting within the PDS.
4. Electronic Point of Sale (ePoS)
The installation of ePoS devices at Fair Price Shops (FPSs) allows for systematic tracking of food grain distribution, improving efficiency and reducing discrepancies.
5. One Nation, One Ration Card
This initiative connects all ration cards to a centralized database, allowing beneficiaries to access their rations from any state. It greatly benefits migrant workers and their families.
6. Decentralized Procurement and Private Investment
Encouraging decentralized procurement in experienced states can enable the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to focus on areas that require assistance. Additionally, enhancing storage infrastructure through private sector engagement will modernize warehousing facilities.
Conclusion
The government’s reformative steps are a positive move towards improving the PDS. However, ongoing challenges must be addressed to ensure that the system continues to support India’s food security effectively.
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TeamSupreme
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Public Distribution System (PDS) and its purpose. Mention its significance as the largest food security scheme in India, covering nearly 60% of the population. 2. Challenges of the PDS Identification of Beneficiaries Discuss the inclusion and exclusion errors ...
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Model Answer Introduction The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial food security initiative in India, designed to provide essential food grains to low-income households at subsidized prices. Covering nearly 60% of the population, it is the largest food security scheme worldwide. However, seRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial food security initiative in India, designed to provide essential food grains to low-income households at subsidized prices. Covering nearly 60% of the population, it is the largest food security scheme worldwide. However, several challenges hinder its effectiveness.
Challenges in the PDS
1. Identification of Beneficiaries
The PDS suffers from significant inclusion and exclusion errors when identifying households below the poverty line (BPL) and above the poverty line (APL). The lack of reliable data on household income exacerbates this targeting issue.
2. Corruption and Leakages
Widespread corruption has been reported, with middlemen and corrupt officials diverting subsidized goods for sale in the open market. This leads to beneficiaries not receiving their entitled rations at affordable prices.
3. Rising Subsidy Costs
The cost of acquiring and distributing food grains is almost six times their retail price, raising concerns about the sustainability of the scheme. Increased procurement and associated expenses are expected to further expand food subsidies.
4. Storage Capacity Shortfalls
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has not expanded its storage capacity in line with increasing grain procurement, leading to inefficiencies.
5. Inconsistent Quality
There are frequent complaints about the varying quality of rations, particularly wheat and rice, affecting beneficiaries’ satisfaction.
6. Lack of Nutritional Security
The PDS primarily focuses on staples like rice, wheat, and sugar, with limited variety, leading to nutritional inadequacies.
Making PDS Effective and Transparent
1. Implementing Universal PDS
Following Tamil Nadu’s model, a universal PDS can reduce inclusion and exclusion errors by providing subsidized food grains to all households.
2. Digitalization
States like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh have introduced IT measures, such as digitized ration cards and GPS tracking, to improve transparency and efficiency.
3. Direct Cash Transfers
Encouraging states to adopt Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) can help mitigate leakages and diversions in the system.
4. Expanding Storage Capacities
The Shanta Kumar Committee recommends private participation in storage to enhance the efficiency of the PDS.
5. Diversifying Products
Including local grains and fortified foods can improve nutritional security and reduce costs.
6. Implementing One Nation One Ration Card
This initiative would help migrants access PDS benefits, reducing exclusion errors.
Conclusion
While the PDS is vital for millions, substantial improvements are necessary for it to effectively combat hunger. By addressing the outlined challenges and implementing recommended reforms, the PDS can become a more efficient and transparent system, better serving the needs of India’s poor.
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Keshav BajajBegginer
Examine the steps the government has taken to enhance the PDS’s targeting, coverage, and delivery efficiency, including the introduction of the “One Nation, One Ration Card” initiative, the use of Aadhaar-based identification, and the implementation of the National Food Security ...
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Measures to Improve Targeting, Coverage, and Delivery Efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS) The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India has undergone several reforms to enhance its effectiveness in targeting, coverage, and delivery of food benefits. Key measures include the implementaRead more
Measures to Improve Targeting, Coverage, and Delivery Efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS)
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India has undergone several reforms to enhance its effectiveness in targeting, coverage, and delivery of food benefits. Key measures include the implementation of the National Food Security Act (NFSA), the use of Aadhaar-based identification, and the introduction of the ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’ (ONORC) initiative. Below, we discuss these measures and analyze the challenges in ensuring universal and equitable distribution of PDS benefits.
1. Implementation of the National Food Security Act (NFSA)
Overview: Enacted in 2013, the NFSA aims to provide legal entitlement to subsidized food grains to approximately 67% of the population. Under this act:
- Priority Households (PHH): Around 23.5 crore individuals are entitled to receive 5 kg of food grains per person per month at highly subsidized rates.
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): This scheme targets the poorest households, providing them with 35 kg of food grains per household per month.
Recent Examples:
- Expansion and Coverage: In 2021, the government extended free food grain distribution under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating the NFSA’s adaptability in emergencies.
2. Aadhaar-Based Identification
Overview: The integration of Aadhaar with PDS aims to reduce fraud and ensure that benefits reach the intended beneficiaries by:
- Biometric Authentication: Ensuring that the person receiving the ration is the one entitled to it.
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Some states have implemented DBT for subsidy payments, ensuring transparency and efficiency.
Recent Examples:
- Telangana: The state has made significant progress in using Aadhaar to streamline PDS operations, reducing the incidence of fake and duplicate beneficiaries.
3. ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’ (ONORC) Initiative
Overview: Launched in 2020, ONORC aims to ensure portability of ration cards across states, allowing beneficiaries to access their food grain entitlements from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country. This initiative addresses the mobility of labor and migration issues.
Recent Examples:
- Implementation Success: As of mid-2023, over 33 states and union territories have implemented ONORC, benefiting migrant workers who can now access their rations in different states.
Challenges in Ensuring Universal and Equitable Distribution of PDS Benefits
Despite these reforms, several challenges persist:
- Inaccurate Beneficiary Data: Errors in beneficiary data and Aadhaar linkage issues can lead to exclusion or duplication.
- Example: Reports from Bihar in 2023 highlighted discrepancies in Aadhaar data leading to issues in ration distribution.
- Operational Issues at Fair Price Shops (FPS): Inefficiencies in FPS operations, such as inadequate stock or corrupt practices, can hinder effective delivery.
- Example: In 2022, complaints emerged from Uttar Pradesh about irregularities and stock shortages at FPS outlets.
- Lack of Awareness and Accessibility: Beneficiaries, especially in remote or rural areas, may lack awareness of their entitlements or face difficulties in accessing FPS.
- Example: Rural areas in Odisha have reported difficulties in accessing rations due to poor infrastructure and limited awareness.
- Inter-State Discrepancies: Variations in the implementation of ONORC across states can create inconsistencies in ration access.
- Example: Some northeastern states have faced delays in adopting ONORC fully, affecting the portability of rations.
Conclusion
The measures taken to improve the PDS through the NFSA, Aadhaar integration, and ONORC initiative reflect significant advancements in targeting, coverage, and delivery efficiency. However, addressing challenges such as inaccurate data, operational inefficiencies, and regional discrepancies is crucial for ensuring that the benefits of the PDS are universal and equitable. Continuous monitoring, better implementation strategies, and robust grievance redressal mechanisms are essential to overcoming these challenges and achieving the intended outcomes of the PDS reforms.
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Darshan MalikLearner
Evaluate the PDS’s connection with the government’s goals of promoting sustainable agriculture, raising farmer incomes, and guaranteeing inclusive development. Discuss the PDS’s role in the broader context of India’s food and agricultural policy.
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The Role of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India's Food and Agricultural Policies 1. Introduction The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a critical component of India's food and agricultural policies, aimed at ensuring food security for the economically disadvantaged. This system providesRead more
The Role of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India’s Food and Agricultural Policies
1. Introduction
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a critical component of India’s food and agricultural policies, aimed at ensuring food security for the economically disadvantaged. This system provides subsidized food grains to the poor and is integral to the government’s broader objectives of promoting sustainable agriculture, improving farmers’ incomes, and ensuring inclusive development. This analysis will explore the role of the PDS within this larger context and evaluate its alignment with the government’s policy goals.
2. Role of the PDS in Food and Agricultural Policies
Ensuring Food Security:
The primary role of the PDS is to ensure food security by distributing essential commodities at subsidized rates to the poor. This is crucial in addressing hunger and malnutrition, especially in vulnerable populations.Recent Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian government expanded the PDS to provide free food grains to an additional 80 crore people under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY), reflecting the system’s role in addressing emergency food security needs.
Stabilizing Prices:
By procuring food grains from farmers and distributing them through the PDS, the government helps stabilize market prices and prevent extreme fluctuations, which can impact both consumers and farmers.Recent Example: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanism, coupled with PDS operations, has been used to stabilize rice and wheat prices in states like Punjab and Haryana, ensuring price stability in both procurement and consumer markets.
3. Alignment with Government Objectives
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture:
While the PDS itself does not directly address agricultural sustainability, the procurement practices associated with it can influence farming practices. For instance, the MSP encourages farmers to adopt certain crops, which can impact sustainable farming practices.Recent Example: The introduction of Paddy-to-Millet schemes in states like Jharkhand is part of efforts to encourage sustainable crops. However, the PDS still largely relies on staples like rice and wheat, which can sometimes limit the focus on diverse and sustainable agricultural practices.
Improving Farmers’ Incomes:
The PDS’s procurement system helps ensure a stable income for farmers by guaranteeing the purchase of their produce at predetermined prices. This supports farmers’ incomes and provides them with financial security.Recent Example: The Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) scheme, aimed at enhancing farmers’ income, works in conjunction with the PDS by ensuring better price realization for their produce through MSP and procurement mechanisms.
Ensuring Inclusive Development:
The PDS is designed to be inclusive by targeting subsidized food grains to the economically weaker sections of society. This aligns with broader goals of social equity and poverty alleviation.Recent Example: The National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013 aims to cover 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population, thereby ensuring that food security measures reach a large segment of the population, including the poor and vulnerable.
4. Challenges and Areas for Improvement
Limited Focus on Sustainable Agriculture:
The PDS primarily focuses on staple grains, potentially neglecting the promotion of diverse and sustainable agricultural practices. A shift towards supporting a wider range of crops and sustainable practices could enhance alignment with broader agricultural goals.Recent Example: The government’s focus on cereals has overshadowed the promotion of pulses and oilseeds, which are also critical for nutritional diversity and sustainable agriculture.
Inefficiencies in Distribution:
Issues such as leakages, diversion, and inefficiencies in the PDS distribution network can undermine its effectiveness. These challenges need to be addressed to enhance the overall impact of the PDS on food security and inclusive development.Recent Example: In Uttar Pradesh, efforts to digitize and streamline the PDS have been implemented to address inefficiencies and improve transparency, but challenges remain in ensuring effective distribution.
Need for Better Integration with Other Policies:
While the PDS plays a crucial role, better integration with agricultural and welfare policies could enhance its effectiveness. Aligning PDS operations with schemes promoting organic farming, crop diversification, and rural development can provide a more comprehensive approach to food and agricultural policy.Recent Example: The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) aims to promote sustainable practices, but its integration with PDS could be strengthened to support holistic agricultural development.
5. Conclusion
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a vital component of India’s food and agricultural policies, contributing significantly to food security, price stabilization, and poverty alleviation. While it supports the government’s objectives of improving farmers’ incomes and ensuring inclusive development, there is room for improvement in aligning PDS operations with sustainable agricultural practices and broader policy goals. Addressing challenges related to inefficiencies and integrating PDS with other agricultural and welfare schemes can enhance its effectiveness and impact on both food security and agricultural development.
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Objective: Start with an overview of the role of PDS in India and the importance of FCI in this system. Key Points: Briefly explain the significance of PDS in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations. Mention the pivotal role of ...
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Model Answer Introduction The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial mechanism for ensuring food security in India, especially for vulnerable populations. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) plays a vital role in the procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains under PDS. Reforms inRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial mechanism for ensuring food security in India, especially for vulnerable populations. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) plays a vital role in the procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains under PDS. Reforms in FCI have significantly improved the efficiency of PDS and strengthened food security for millions.
Reforms in FCI and Their Impact on PDS Efficiency and Food Security
1. Targeted Approach
- FCI reforms have helped make the PDS more targeted, ensuring that food subsidies reach the deserving populations.
- Illustration: Around 4.7 crore ghost/duplicate ration cards, benefitting nearly 17 crore “undeserving” individuals, were removed, making the system more effective.
2. Digitization
- The FCI has implemented technology-driven reforms like Aadhaar-based identification and Point-of-Sale (PoS) machines, improving the efficiency of beneficiary identification.
- Fact: Over 92% of ration cards have been digitized, reducing errors and fraud.
3. End-to-End Computerization
- Complete computerization of PDS operations, from procurement to distribution, has minimized manual processes and enhanced supply chain efficiency.
- This ensures timely food grain delivery and minimizes paperwork.
4. Buffer Stock Management
- FCI now uses scientific methods to maintain buffer stocks, ensuring that adequate food grains are available during emergencies or supply disruptions.
- Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, buffer stock management ensured continuous food availability, preventing food insecurity.
5. Decentralization
- The procurement process has been decentralized, allowing state governments to manage food grains more efficiently, addressing local challenges.
- This reform gives states more control over distribution and management, improving responsiveness.
6. Fortification and Nutrition
- FCI has initiated food grain fortification, adding nutrients to staples like rice and wheat to combat malnutrition.
- This is especially important for vulnerable populations, contributing to better health outcomes.
7. Online Monitoring and Transparency
- Reforms have enabled real-time monitoring of PDS operations, improving transparency and reducing corruption.
- Impact: This real-time data helps in prompt interventions, ensuring the system functions smoothly and equitably.
8. Supply Chain Optimization
- FCI reforms have improved the logistics of food grain transportation, storage, and distribution. This has minimized wastage and reduced delays in delivering food grains to beneficiaries.
9. Single Window System
- The introduction of a single window system for procurement, allocation, and distribution processes has simplified administrative procedures, contributing to greater PDS efficiency.
Way Forward
- Improve Beneficiary Identification: Continue refining the identification mechanisms to ensure that food subsidies reach only the most deserving individuals.
- Strengthen Supply Chain Infrastructure: Invest in modern storage and transportation facilities to reduce wastage and ensure timely delivery.
- Enhance Nutritional Diversity: Incorporate more nutritious food items like protein sources and fruits in PDS to address malnutrition.
- Flexible System: Ensure the PDS can adapt quickly to changing conditions, such as economic shifts or natural disasters.
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Start with a brief overview of PDS in India: The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government program designed to distribute subsidized food grains to India’s population, especially the economically weaker sections. The system involves over 500,000 fair-price ...
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Model Answer Impact of Digitization on the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India The digitization of India's Public Distribution System (PDS) has emerged as a crucial solution to the long-standing challenges faced by the system, such as bogus beneficiaries, food grain leakage, and inefficient taRead more
Model Answer
Impact of Digitization on the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India
The digitization of India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) has emerged as a crucial solution to the long-standing challenges faced by the system, such as bogus beneficiaries, food grain leakage, and inefficient targeting of subsidies. The integration of technology in PDS operations has resulted in significant improvements:
- Authentication of Beneficiaries
Through digitization, the PDS has addressed the issue of bogus beneficiaries. The Aadhaar seeding of ration cards ensures that subsidies reach only eligible individuals. As of 2020, about 4.39 crore ineligible or bogus ration cards were removed through this process, enhancing the credibility of the system (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution). - Reduction of Leakage and Diversion
The introduction of online allocation of food grains and computerization of the supply chain has minimized pilferage and diversion. Real-time tracking, including the use of GPS to monitor trucks transporting food grains, has increased transparency in the system, ensuring grains reach the intended beneficiaries. - Enhanced Operations at Fair Price Shops
The deployment of electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices in over 92% of fair price shops has streamlined operations, reducing manipulation of records and improving the beneficiary experience by enabling biometric identification. - Interoperability of Benefits
The ‘One Nation One Ration Card’ (ONORC) scheme, which allows beneficiaries to access their entitlements across states, addresses the challenges faced by migrant populations. This national portability ensures that no individual is excluded from benefits.
Potential of the SMART-PDS Initiative
The SMART-PDS initiative, launched to modernize and reform the PDS, offers additional benefits:
- Automation of Operations
The use of automated grain analyzers for precise measurement and reduced human intervention will improve system transparency, reduce errors, and prevent biases. - Integration of AI and Data Science
The application of AI and data science, such as the Public Systems Lab (PSL) at IIT Delhi, will optimize supply chain logistics, detect fraud, and improve efficiency. - Overcoming Technological Limitations
SMART-PDS aims to address state-level technological constraints, enhancing the IT infrastructure and capacity at the local level.
By fostering transparency, accountability, and efficiency, SMART-PDS can contribute significantly to the achievement of SDG-1 (ending poverty) and SDG-2 (zero hunger).
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TeamSupreme
What are the Public Distribution System’s (PDS) main obstacles in India? How can it be made more transparent and effective? (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
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PDS, in India is a crucial linkage of the country's food security network. Though PDS has run into a spate of troubles. -Leakages and Diversions: The majority of foodgrains reach no beneficiary destination. It all gets leaked out, and diverted at multiple corruptive delivery and distribution stages.Read more
PDS, in India is a crucial linkage of the country’s food security network. Though PDS has run into a spate of troubles.
-Leakages and Diversions: The majority of foodgrains reach no beneficiary destination. It all gets leaked out, and diverted at multiple corruptive delivery and distribution stages.
-Targeting Errors: This again brings many households ineligible on inclusion error where really needy households remain out of PDS list.
-Bottlenecks in the Supply Chain: Transportation delays, lack of proper storage facilities, and lack of proper stock management result in losses and delay service delivery.
-Lack of Transparancy and Accountability: Limited access to information and grievance redressal mechanisms are weak to monitor the performance properly.
Less Choices: PDS largely relies on staple grains, ignoring the nutritional requirements of the client groups.For more transparency and efficiency
-Digitization: All records are digitized, including ration cards, beneficiary data and the movement of stock, to improve monitoring and reduce leakages.
-Biometric Authentication: Biometric systems, such as Aadhaar, should be used for the authentication of beneficiaries to prevent fraudulent withdrawals.
Real-time Tracking: Implement GPS-based tracking of foodgrain transportation to monitor movement for efficient delivery.
Strengthen Grievance Redressal: There needs to be proper grievance redressal mechanisms to attend to beneficiary complaints but with accountability.
– Regular Audits: Carry out regular, independent audits that point out irregularities in the system.
Diversify Food Offerings: Enhance the offerings under PDS by incorporating pulses, millets, and fortified foods for nutrition.
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TeamSupreme
“Throughout the years, the Public Distribution System (PDS) has shown to be the most successful tool of government policy in stabilizing prices and providing food to customers at reasonable costs.” Describe the assertion. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2023]
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The Effectiveness of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India 1. Stabilization of Prices Price Stabilization: The PDS plays a crucial role in stabilizing food prices by procuring and distributing essential commodities like wheat, rice, and sugar through a network of fair price shops. By managinRead more
The Effectiveness of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India
1. Stabilization of Prices
- Price Stabilization: The PDS plays a crucial role in stabilizing food prices by procuring and distributing essential commodities like wheat, rice, and sugar through a network of fair price shops. By managing a strategic reserve and releasing stocks during shortages, PDS helps in preventing price spikes and ensuring market stability. For example, during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown, PDS helped in stabilizing food prices amid supply chain disruptions.
2. Affordable Food Availability
- Subsidized Ration: The PDS ensures that food is available at affordable prices to the economically weaker sections of society. Under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, beneficiaries receive wheat at ₹2 per kg and rice at ₹3 per kg. This subsidy helps in reducing the financial burden on poor families. The 2022 extension of PDS benefits during the pandemic showcased the system’s role in providing essential food items to millions of households.
3. Recent Enhancements
- Digital Transformation: The integration of Aadhaar-based biometric authentication and ePOS systems has enhanced the transparency and efficiency of the PDS. The ‘One Nation One Ration Card’ scheme, launched in 2020, allows beneficiaries to access food supplies from any PDS shop across the country, improving accessibility for migrant workers and their families.
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Recent initiatives have introduced DBT for food subsidies, ensuring that benefits reach the intended beneficiaries directly, reducing leakages and corruption.
4. Challenges and Improvements
- Leakages and Fraud: Despite improvements, issues like leakages and ghost beneficiaries persist. However, ongoing reforms aim to address these challenges through enhanced technology and stricter monitoring.
Conclusion
The Public Distribution System (PDS) has proven effective in stabilizing food prices and ensuring affordable food availability for millions. Through continuous reforms and technological advancements, PDS remains a pivotal tool in supporting food security and economic stability in India.
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Uncertain about the Exam System and Curriculum: Get to know examination pattern and syllabus including preliminary, mains, and interview levels. Know in detail what each subject and stage entails. Develop a Study Schedule: Create a reasonable duration for all subjects which should involve time for rRead more
Uncertain about the Exam System and Curriculum: Get to know examination pattern and syllabus including preliminary, mains, and interview levels. Know in detail what each subject and stage entails.
Develop a Study Schedule: Create a reasonable duration for all subjects which should involve time for revision as well as practice. Come up with your daily, weekly, and monthly goals. Read Books and Materials Prescribed by Board: Follow recommended books related to each subject among standard textbooks. Current affairs magazines and online resources enhance your reading materials.
Keep Track of Current Affairs:
Go through newspapers on a regular basis while also following reliable news sources.
What happened during these events? What do they mean for the exam course?
Take Notes Regularly While Also Revising Often: Prepare short notes for each topic using minimum words possible.
Regular review is very important in remembering things better as well as understanding them deeply
Practice Writing Skills: To improve your answer writing skills solve previous year’s papers & take mock tests on it. Concentrate on being clear, having good structure, expressing oneself properly
Join Coaching or Online Courses (if needed): Consider joining coaching classes or taking online courses to be guided in an organized manner.Engage yourself into group discussions with fellow mates.
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