Urbanization and migration significantly impact women’s lives in India across various dimensions. Urbanization often provides women with increased access to education, healthcare, and formal employment opportunities, fostering economic independence and social empowerment. Women migrating to cities may find better educational facilities and skill development programs, enhancing their employability and career prospects. Access to healthcare services, including maternal and reproductive health, tends to be better in urban areas, potentially improving health outcomes for women.

However, urban migration also presents challenges. Many women end up in informal and low-paying jobs such as domestic work or construction, facing exploitation, poor working conditions, and limited social protections. They may experience social isolation, discrimination, and vulnerability to various forms of violence. Moreover, urban living can strain traditional support networks and family structures, affecting social cohesion and mental well-being.

Policy responses are crucial to mitigate these challenges and harness the benefits of urbanization for women. This includes addressing labor rights, ensuring access to affordable housing and healthcare, promoting gender-sensitive urban planning, and enhancing social protection mechanisms. Empowering women through education, skills training, and support networks can also enhance their resilience and enable them to fully participate in and benefit from urban growth and development in India.