Indian farmers face several challenges, including fragmented land ownership, limited access to credit, and market fluctuations. Fragmented landholdings reduce agricultural efficiency and productivity. Limited access to formal credit forces many farmers to rely on high-interest loans from informal sources, leading to debt cycles. Market fluctuations, driven by factors like price volatility and inadequate infrastructure, further exacerbate financial instability for farmers.

To address these issues, the Indian government has implemented several policies and initiatives. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) provides crop insurance to protect against yield losses. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) offers direct income support to farmers, ensuring a steady cash flow. To enhance credit access, the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme offers affordable credit for agricultural needs. Additionally, the e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) platform connects farmers to a unified online marketplace, improving market access and price transparency.

Land reforms and digital land records initiatives aim to streamline land ownership and reduce disputes. Infrastructure development projects like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) improve connectivity, facilitating better market access. Collectively, these measures aim to alleviate the financial burden on farmers and enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.