1. Innovative solutions to pollution and environmental degradation include biodegradable plastics, algae-based packaging, and advanced recycling technologies. Companies are developing materials that break down naturally, reducing waste accumulation. Ocean cleanup initiatives, like The Ocean Cleanup project, use large-scale systems to collect floating plastic. Additionally, “bioremediation” employs microorganisms to break down pollutants in soil and water. Policies promoting circular economies also aim to reduce waste and encourage sustainable production and consumption.

2. Microplastic contamination in marine habitats significantly impacts coral reef health. These tiny plastic particles can be ingested by corals, leading to physical blockages, reduced energy reserves, and impaired reproduction. Microplastics also act as carriers for toxins and pathogens, which can increase coral diseases and bleaching. The abrasive nature of microplastics can damage coral tissues, making them more susceptible to infections. Furthermore, microplastics can disrupt the symbiotic relationship between corals and their algae, essential for coral energy through photosynthesis. This disruption weakens corals, making them less resilient to environmental stressors like temperature changes. Overall, microplastic contamination exacerbates the challenges faced by coral reefs, contributing to their decline and threatening marine biodiversity.