India’s 2011 census revealed a population growth rate of 17.7% over the previous decade, down from 21.5% between 1991 and 2001. This deceleration reflects significant demographic changes, with the total population reaching 1.21 billion in 2011. Notably, the growth rate for females (18.3%) surpassed that for males (17.1%).

The COVID-19 pandemic delayed the 2021 census, leaving 2011 as the most recent comprehensive data. Current projections for 2024 estimate an annual population growth rate of approximately 0.83%, continuing the trend of declining growth rates.

Urbanization has markedly increased, with the urban population rising to 31.2% from 17.3% in 1951. Delhi tops the list with 97.5% of its population living in urban areas. Additionally, literacy rates improved significantly, reaching 73% in 2011 compared to 64.8% in 2001. Female literacy rates saw substantial gains, highlighting progress in gender equality in education.

These demographic shifts point to a nation in transition, with decreasing fertility rates, rising urbanization, and improving literacy levels reshaping India’s population landscape. As India continues to evolve, these trends will play a crucial role in shaping its future economic and social policies.