Unplanned urbanization has indeed made Indian cities vulnerable to fire safety hazards. The National Building Code (NBC) 2016, a comprehensive code for building construction and fire safety, provides guidelines to mitigate urban fires. Here are some measures for mitigating urban fires with reference to the NBC 2016:

1. Fire-resistant materials: The NBC 2016 recommends the use of fire-resistant materials in building construction, such as fire-resistant concrete, steel, and aluminum.
2. Fire protection systems: Buildings must be equipped with fire protection systems, including fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers. The NBC 2016 specifies the type and number of fire extinguishers required.
3. Escape routes: Buildings must have adequate escape routes, including stairs, corridors, and exit doors. The NBC 2016 recommends that escape routes be wide enough for two people to pass comfortably.
4. Fire-resistant doors and windows: Doors and windows must be designed to resist fire for a certain period, typically 30 minutes to 1 hour.
5. Electrical installations: Electrical installations must comply with the NBC 2016’s guidelines for electrical wiring, switchgear, and appliances.
6. Fire hydrants and hoses: Fire hydrants and hoses must be installed in accordance with the NBC 2016’s guidelines to ensure easy access in case of a fire emergency.
7. Fire safety plans: Buildings must have fire safety plans in place, including evacuation procedures, emergency contact numbers, and first aid kits.
8. Regular inspections and maintenance: Regular inspections and maintenance of fire safety equipment and infrastructure are essential to ensure their effectiveness.
9. Training and awareness: Fire safety training programs should be conducted for building occupants, including tenants, employees, and residents.
10. Emergency response planning: Cities should have emergency response plans in place to respond quickly and effectively in case of a fire.