Genome annotation is a complex process of identifying and labeling functional elements within a genome sequence. Key steps include:

1. Sequence assembly: Combining short DNA sequences into longer, contiguous stretches to form a complete genome.
2. Gene prediction: Identifying potential protein-coding regions (genes) within the sequence using computational tools and algorithms.
3. Functional annotation: Assigning biological functions to predicted genes based on sequence similarity to known genes and protein domains.
4. Non-coding RNA prediction: Identifying RNA-coding regions that do not produce proteins but have regulatory roles.
5. Regulatory element prediction: Locating DNA sequences that control gene expression, such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers.
6. Repeat identification: Identifying repetitive DNA sequences, including transposable elements.
7. Comparative genomics: Comparing the genome to other organisms to identify conserved regions and potential functions.
8. Manual curation: Human experts review and refine automated annotations, ensuring accuracy and completeness.

This process involves a combination of computational tools and biological experiments to create a comprehensive understanding of a genome’s structure and function.