Environmental biotechnology leverages biological systems to address environmental issues, including pollution and waste management. One significant application is bioremediation, where microorganisms or plants are used to detoxify polluted environments. For instance, bacteria can degrade oil spills, heavy metals, and other contaminants in soil and water, making them less harmful. Phytoremediation employs plants to absorb, accumulate, and detoxify pollutants from soil and water, which is effective for heavy metals and organic pollutants.

Another key area is waste management. Biotechnology enables the development of biodegradable materials and bio-based plastics, reducing the burden on landfills and the environment. Additionally, waste-to-energy technologies utilize microbial processes to convert organic waste into biogas, a renewable energy source, thus minimizing waste and producing energy simultaneously.

Biotechnology also aids in monitoring and assessing environmental health. Biosensors, which use biological components to detect pollutants, offer real-time and accurate monitoring of environmental conditions.

Furthermore, genetic engineering can enhance the capabilities of microorganisms and plants in bioremediation and waste management, making these processes more efficient and effective. Overall, environmental biotechnology presents sustainable and innovative solutions for mitigating pollution and managing waste, contributing significantly to environmental conservation and restoration.