The Indian judicial system is structured hierarchically, with the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts in each state or group of states, and subordinate courts at the district and lower levels. Let’s discuss the structure and hierarchy of the Indian judicial system and analyze the jurisdiction, powers, and responsibilities of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. We will also compare the Indian judicial system with the court structures in other major common law and civil law jurisdictions.

Structure and Hierarchy of the Indian Judicial System:

Supreme Court: The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial body in the country. It consists of a Chief Justice and other judges as determined by the President of India. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. It has the power to hear cases related to constitutional matters, disputes between the central and state governments, appeals from High Courts, and cases involving substantial questions of law.
High Courts: Each state in India has a High Court, with some larger states having multiple benches. High Courts have jurisdiction over their respective states or group of states. They exercise both original and appellate jurisdiction. High Courts primarily hear appeals from lower courts and have the power of judicial review to ensure the constitutionality of laws and actions of the executive.
Subordinate Courts: Subordinate courts are the lower courts that operate at the district and lower levels. They consist of District Courts, which handle civil and criminal cases within their territorial jurisdiction, and lower courts such as Sessions Courts, Magistrates Courts, and specialized tribunals. Subordinate courts primarily deal with cases of lower magnitude, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of High Courts.
Comparison with Court Structures in Other Jurisdictions:

Common Law Jurisdictions (e.g., United States, United Kingdom):
United States: The United States has a federal court system with the Supreme Court as the highest authority, followed by circuit courts of appeals and district courts. Each state also has its court system, including state supreme courts and trial courts.
United Kingdom: The United Kingdom has a hierarchical court system, with the Supreme Court as the highest appellate court for both civil and criminal cases. Below the Supreme Court are several levels of courts, including the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and the Crown Court.
Civil Law Jurisdictions (e.g., France, Germany):
France: In France, the highest court is the Cour de Cassation, which primarily focuses on issues of law. Below the Cour de Cassation are the appellate courts and the lower courts, including specialized courts for specific areas of law.
Germany: Germany has a dual court system comprising federal courts and state courts. The highest federal court is the Federal Constitutional Court, which reviews constitutional matters. Lower levels include regional courts, district courts, and specialized administrative courts.
Compared to other major common law and civil law jurisdictions, the Indian judicial system shares similarities, such as a hierarchical structure with an apex court, intermediate appellate courts, and lower courts. However, there are variations in the names, roles, and jurisdiction of the courts, reflecting the unique legal systems and historical developments in each jurisdiction.

It’s important to note that the comparison provided here is a general overview, and court structures can vary within each jurisdiction depending on specific legal systems, historical factors, and constitutional frameworks.