Understanding the system of financial federalism in India requires a comprehensive examination of the roles and responsibilities of the different tiers of government, as well as the mechanisms for fiscal resource distribution and coordination. Let me provide an overview of the key aspects of India’s financial federalism and compare it to the fiscal federalism arrangements in other federal countries.

Financial Federalism in India:

The Finance Commission:
The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established every five years to recommend the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States, as well as the principles governing grants-in-aid to the States.
The Commission’s recommendations cover the vertical (between the Union and the States) and horizontal (among the States) distribution of resources, as well as the criteria for determining the share of each State.
The recommendations of the Finance Commission are not binding on the Union government, but they play a crucial role in shaping the fiscal relations between the Centre and the States.
Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Resources:
The vertical distribution of resources refers to the share of tax revenues and other financial resources between the Union and the States.
The horizontal distribution of resources refers to the allocation of resources among the different States based on factors such as population, area, infrastructure, and fiscal capacity.
The Finance Commission’s recommendations and the Union government’s decisions on the vertical and horizontal distribution of resources have a significant impact on the fiscal autonomy and fiscal capacity of the States.
Grants-in-Aid and Centrally Sponsored Schemes:
The Finance Commission also recommends the principles for the distribution of grants-in-aid to the States to address their fiscal imbalances and developmental needs.
Additionally, the Union government implements Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) that provide financial assistance to the States for specific development programs and policies.
The CSS transfers are an important component of the fiscal relations between the Union and the States, as they influence the prioritization of national development objectives and the States’ fiscal autonomy.
Comparison with Fiscal Federalism in Other Federal Countries:

While the specific arrangements of fiscal federalism vary among different federal countries, there are some common themes and differences compared to the Indian model:

The Role of the Central Government:
In countries like the United States, Germany, and Australia, the central government plays a relatively larger role in fiscal redistribution and the provision of public goods and services.
In contrast, India’s fiscal federalism exhibits a more decentralized approach, with the States having greater autonomy in resource mobilization and expenditure decisions.
Mechanisms for Fiscal Transfers:
In countries like Canada and Switzerland, the fiscal transfers between the central and subnational governments are primarily based on equalization mechanisms to address regional fiscal disparities.
India’s system relies more on the recommendations of the Finance Commission, which considers a broader set of factors in determining the vertical and horizontal distribution of resources.
Fiscal Autonomy of Subnational Governments:
The degree of fiscal autonomy enjoyed by the subnational governments (States/Provinces) varies across federal countries.
In some countries, like the United States and Germany, the subnational governments have greater revenue-raising powers and expenditure responsibilities, while in others, like Australia and India, the central government plays a more prominent role in resource distribution.
Coordination and Cooperative Federalism:
Federal countries exhibit different approaches to coordination and cooperation between the central and subnational governments, ranging from more competitive models to more collaborative ones.
India’s system emphasizes cooperative federalism, with the Union and the States working together through mechanisms like the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council and the National Development Council.
In summary, India’s system of financial federalism, with the Finance Commission playing a central role in resource distribution and the emphasis on cooperative federalism, presents a unique model compared to other federal countries. While the specific arrangements may differ, the underlying principles of balancing the interests of the Union and the States, addressing regional disparities, and fostering collaborative governance are common themes in the fiscal federalism frameworks of various federal nations.