The Indian Constitution contains several provisions for the protection of the environment and natural resources. The framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the importance of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Here are some key provisions:

Directive Principles of State Policy: The Indian Constitution includes various directive principles that guide the state in policymaking. Article 48A directs the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Article 51A(g) imposes a fundamental duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment.
Fundamental Rights: While the Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention the right to a clean and healthy environment as a fundamental right, the Supreme Court of India has interpreted the right to life (Article 21) as encompassing the right to a healthy environment. The court has held that a clean environment is essential for the enjoyment of life and is thus protected under Article 21.
Environmental Legislation: The Indian Constitution empowers the central and state governments to enact laws for the protection and improvement of the environment. The central government has enacted several laws, such as the Environment Protection Act, the Wildlife Protection Act, and the Forest Conservation Act, to regulate various aspects of environmental conservation.
Now, let’s compare the provisions for environmental rights and obligations in the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia.

Ecuador:
The constitution of Ecuador, adopted in 2008, is notable for recognizing the rights of nature. It grants legal rights to ecosystems and recognizes nature as a subject with enforceable rights. The constitution includes provisions for the preservation of biodiversity, sustainable development, and intercultural relations with nature. Ecuador’s constitution also establishes the principle of “sumak kawsay” or “buen vivir,” which promotes the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

Bolivia:
The constitution of Bolivia, adopted in 2009, recognizes the rights of Mother Earth. It states that Mother Earth is a collective subject of rights, and it establishes legal protection for ecosystems and the environment. The constitution emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with nature and enshrines the principles of sustainable development, ecological balance, and respect for indigenous knowledge and practices.

Both the Ecuadorian and Bolivian constitutions go beyond traditional environmental provisions by recognizing the rights of nature and establishing a holistic approach to environmental protection. These constitutions acknowledge the intrinsic value of nature and aim to establish a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment.

While the Indian Constitution does not explicitly recognize the rights of nature, it includes provisions for environmental protection, sustainable development, and the fundamental duty of citizens to protect the environment. The Indian judiciary has played a significant role in interpreting and enforcing environmental rights through judicial activism and the expansion of the right to life.

Overall, while the Indian Constitution does not explicitly recognize the rights of nature, it contains provisions for environmental protection and sustainable development. Ecuador and Bolivia, on the other hand, have taken a more progressive approach by explicitly recognizing the rights of nature in their constitutions.