The Union government has significant administrative control and supervision over the States in India, which is enshrined in the Constitution. Here are some key areas where the Union government exercises control:

Appointment and removal of Governors: The President of India appoints Governors on the advice of the Union government. Governors are the ceremonial heads of the States, but they also have some powers, such as the power to appoint advisors and to give assent to State laws.
Deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs): The Union government can deploy CAPFs, such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), in States to maintain law and order and assist State police forces.
Financial control: The Union government has significant control over State finances through the grants-in-aid, which are provided to States for specific purposes, such as infrastructure development and social welfare programs.
Monitoring and supervision: The Union government exercises monitoring and supervision over State governments through various mechanisms, such as:
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) monitors law and order situations in States and provides guidance to State governments.
The Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) reviews State plans and provides guidance on development priorities.
The Election Commission of India monitors elections in States.
Debates surrounding the use of these provisions:

Appointments and removal of Governors: Critics argue that Governors should be impartial and not political appointees, while supporters argue that Governors have a role in advising the State government and ensuring stability.
Deployment of CAPFs: Critics argue that the deployment of CAPFs can undermine State police forces and create a sense of distrust between the Centre and States. Supporters argue that CAPFs are necessary to maintain law and order in sensitive areas or during crises.
Financial control: Critics argue that excessive financial control by the Centre undermines State autonomy, while supporters argue that grants-in-aid are necessary to promote national priorities and ensure economic development.
Monitoring and supervision: Critics argue that excessive monitoring can stifle State autonomy, while supporters argue that monitoring is necessary to ensure accountability and compliance with national policies.
Recent developments:

Appointment of Governors: The controversy surrounding the appointment of Governors has led to calls for reforming the system, with some arguing for a more transparent and merit-based process.
Deployment of CAPFs: The deployment of CAPFs has been criticized for being arbitrary and partisan, leading to tensions between the Centre and States.
Financial autonomy: There have been demands for greater financial autonomy for States, with some arguing that excessive dependence on Centre’s grants-in-aid undermines their ability to make decisions.
E-governance: Efforts have been made to improve transparency and accountability through e-governance initiatives, such as online portals for tracking grants-in-aid and electoral funding.
In conclusion, the Union government’s administrative control over States is a complex issue with valid arguments on both sides. While there are concerns about over-centralization and erosion of State autonomy, there are also valid reasons for federal intervention in matters such as law and order and national security. A balanced approach is needed to ensure that federalism is maintained while also promoting effective governance and accountability at all levels.