Long-term exposure to microgravity environment is associated with potential health challenges to an astronaut’s body during space travel, one of the most significant being muscle degeneration and bone loss. Exposure to microgravity often leads to structural and functional changes of the cardiovascular system along with changes in fluid distribution, muscle loading, and altered signaling pathways. Prolonged exposure to weightlessness also increases the risks of kidney stones and bone fractures, which are both associated with bone demineralization. In addition, studies suggest that microgravity alters the ability of bones to heal after fractures.

To stay healthy and productive in space and after astronauts return to earth, they follow certain procedures, strategies, medications, exercise routines, etc. known as countermeasures. Resistance training( weight lifting) and cardiovascular(aerobic) exercise to minimize muscle atrophy and cardiovascular de-conditioning are very important countermeasures. A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D supports bone health. Proper hydration is also crucial for overall well-being in addition to regular sleep. Continuous monitoring of health parameters and ongoing research into the effects of microgravity can inform better strategies for future missions. Developing new technologies and therapies, such as mechanical loading devices or drugs that mimic the effects of gravity, may be beneficial.