In ancient Egypt, women enjoyed relatively high status and could own property, initiate divorce, and engage in business. Notable figures like Hatshepsut and Cleopatra became pharaohs, demonstrating their potential for significant political power.

In ancient Greece, women’s roles were more restricted. In Athens, women were largely confined to domestic duties and had limited political or economic rights. However, in Sparta, women had more freedom, could own property, and were encouraged to be physically fit to bear strong children. Greek mythology and literature feature powerful female figures like Athena and Sappho, highlighting their cultural contributions.

In ancient India, women’s roles varied across regions and periods. Texts like the Rigveda mention women participating in religious rituals and intellectual debates. In the Vedic period, women had more rights, including education and property ownership. However, later periods saw increased restrictions. Notable figures include Gargi and Maitreyi, who were renowned scholars, and rulers like the Mauryan queen, Chandragupta Maurya’s mother.

Overall, women in these civilizations made significant contributions to politics, culture, and society, although their roles and freedoms varied widely.

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