The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament and plays a significant role in the country’s parliamentary system. Let’s evaluate its role and compare it with the upper houses in other major bicameral legislatures:

Role of the Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliamentary System:

Representation of States and Union Territories: The Rajya Sabha provides representation to the states and union territories of India, with each state and UT having a specific number of seats allocated based on their population.
Legislative Functions: The Rajya Sabha has the power to introduce, consider, and pass bills, except for money bills, which can only originate in the Lok Sabha (the lower house).
Oversight and Accountability: The Rajya Sabha can hold the government accountable through mechanisms like question hour, short-duration discussions, and calling attention motions.
Constitutional Amendments: The Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in the amendment of the Constitution, as any constitutional amendment requires the approval of both houses of Parliament.
Impeachment of the President: The Rajya Sabha, along with the Lok Sabha, can initiate the process of impeachment of the President of India.
Comparison with the U.S. Senate and the U.K. House of Lords:

United States Senate:
The U.S. Senate represents the states, with each state having two senators, regardless of population.
The Senate has equal legislative powers to the House of Representatives, including the ability to introduce, debate, and pass bills.
The Senate plays a crucial role in the confirmation of presidential appointments and in the ratification of treaties.
The Senate also has the sole power to conduct impeachment trials of the President, Vice President, and other federal officials.
United Kingdom House of Lords:
The House of Lords is the upper house of the U.K. Parliament, but it has a more limited role compared to the Rajya Sabha and the U.S. Senate.
The House of Lords is primarily a revising chamber, with the ability to delay and amend bills passed by the House of Commons (the lower house).
The House of Lords has no power to initiate or veto money bills, and its role in legislative process is generally secondary to the House of Commons.
The members of the House of Lords are mostly appointed, rather than elected, and include life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops of the Church of England.
While the specific powers and structures of the upper houses vary across different countries, they all share the common goal of providing representation, oversight, and a check on the legislative power of the lower houses. The Rajya Sabha in India plays a significant role in the parliamentary system, with powers that are more comparable to the U.S. Senate than the U.K. House of Lords.