Sustainable agriculture in India faces several key challenges:

1. Water Scarcity: Overextraction of groundwater and inefficient irrigation methods deplete water resources.

2. Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, along with soil erosion from intensive farming, reduces soil fertility and productivity.

3. Climate Change: Erratic weather patterns, such as unpredictable monsoons, droughts, and floods, disrupt crop cycles and yields. Temperature fluctuations also increase vulnerability to pests and diseases.

4. Fragmented Land Holdings: Small farm sizes limit economies of scale and the adoption of advanced technologies. Land ownership issues complicate access to credit and investment.

5. Access to Technology and Knowledge: Many farmers lack awareness or training in sustainable practices and modern techniques. Extension services for technology transfer are inadequate.

6. Economic Constraints: High costs of seeds, fertilizers, and machinery strain small farmers. Poor infrastructure and unstable market prices limit market access.

7. Policy and Institutional Challenges: Subsidy schemes often favor conventional inputs over sustainable alternatives. Inconsistent policies and lack of long-term vision hinder progress.

8. Biodiversity Loss: Monoculture reduces genetic diversity, making crops more vulnerable. Deforestation for agricultural land leads to ecosystem loss.

Addressing these challenges requires improved water management, soil conservation, climate-resilient crops, better access to technology and education, economic support, and coherent policies promoting sustainability.