India’s reservation system in higher education has significant impacts on both academic quality and social mobility, and it can be compared to affirmative action policies elsewhere in several ways:

1. Social Mobility:
   • Positive Impact: The reservation system aims to uplift historically marginalized communities (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes) by providing them greater access to education. This can improve social mobility by offering opportunities for better employment and economic advancement.
   • Negative Impact: Critics argue that reservations can sometimes lead to tokenism and that beneficiaries may face stigma or lower expectations, potentially affecting their confidence and performance.
2. Academic Quality:
   • Concerns: There are concerns that the reservation system might compromise academic standards by admitting students who may not meet the usual merit criteria. This can affect the overall quality of education and institutional reputation.
   • Counterpoint: Supporters argue that given proper support and resources, students admitted through reservations can perform on par with their peers. Additionally, diversity can enhance the educational environment and foster a broader perspective.
3. Comparison to Affirmative Action Elsewhere:
   • Similar Goals: Both India’s reservation system and affirmative action policies in countries like the USA aim to address historical injustices and promote diversity.
   • Different Approaches: India’s system is more quota-based and is constitutionally mandated, while affirmative action in the USA and other countries often involves a broader range of criteria, including race, socioeconomic status, and other factors.
   • Implementation and Scope: India’s reservations are extensive and apply to a significant percentage of seats in educational institutions. In contrast, affirmative action policies elsewhere may be less formalized and more subject to legal and political challenges.

Overall, India’s reservation system has played a crucial role in promoting social equity, although it continues to spark debate regarding its impact on academic quality. Similar to affirmative action policies in other countries, it seeks to balance the goals of equity and excellence.