Roadmap for Answer Writing
1. Introduction
- Contextualize the Caste System: Briefly explain the caste system as a social stratification that categorizes individuals into hierarchical groups based on birth and occupation. Mention that it has existed for centuries and continues to affect modern-day India.
- Thesis Statement: State that despite legal measures, the caste system remains a significant issue in contemporary India, affecting social, economic, and political aspects of life.
2. Body
- A. Social Discrimination:
- Description: Discuss how caste-based social discrimination continues to be a significant issue.
- Facts:
- NCRB data (2019) reports over 45,000 cases of crimes against Scheduled Castes (lower-caste groups), indicating persistent caste-based violence and discrimination.
- Untouchability practices persist in some regions, with Dalits facing exclusion from social spaces.
- Example:
- Instances of Dalits being denied entry to temples, village wells, and other public spaces.
- B. Economic Disparities:
- Description: Explain how caste-based economic disparities continue, with lower-caste individuals facing limited opportunities and wage gaps.
- Facts:
- Economist Ashwini Deshpande’s study shows lower-caste individuals earn significantly less than their higher-caste counterparts in the same occupations.
- Limited access to land, resources, and capital for lower castes, perpetuating poverty.
- Example:
- Wage disparity between Dalit workers and non-Dalit workers in agriculture or manual labor.
- C. Political Representation:
- Description: Discuss the impact of caste on political representation and vote-bank politics.
- Facts:
- Political parties often use caste-based mobilization strategies to secure votes, reinforcing caste divisions.
- There is a disproportionate representation of upper-caste groups in key political positions, limiting inclusive governance.
- Example:
- Political parties like BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party) mobilize voters based on caste, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh.
- D. Inter-Caste Marriages and Social Integration:
- Description: Examine the reluctance towards inter-caste marriages and the social resistance they face.
- Facts:
- A survey by NCAER found that only 5.8% of marriages in India are inter-caste, reflecting social resistance.
- Caste-based violence against inter-caste couples, particularly in rural areas.
- Example:
- Honour killings related to inter-caste marriages, particularly in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
- E. Legal and Social Reforms:
- Description: Acknowledge the legal measures and reforms designed to address caste-based issues.
- Facts:
- The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act protects Dalits from violence.
- Education schemes and affirmative action policies aim to uplift lower-caste individuals.
- Example:
- The implementation of reservation in educational institutions and government jobs.
3. Conclusion
- Summarize the extent of the caste system’s significance in modern India: Reaffirm that despite reforms, caste-based discrimination, economic inequality, and political marginalization continue to affect millions.
- Call for Continued Efforts: Emphasize the need for continued legal enforcement, social activism, and awareness to combat caste-based issues and ensure equality for all.
Relevant Facts for the Answer
- Crimes Against Scheduled Castes: In 2019, over 45,000 cases of crimes against Scheduled Castes were recorded (NCRB).
- Wage Disparity: Research by economist Ashwini Deshpande highlights that lower-caste individuals earn less than their upper-caste counterparts, even in the same occupation.
- Inter-Caste Marriages: A 2019 survey by NCAER revealed only 5.8% of marriages are inter-caste.
- Caste-based Political Mobilization: Political parties continue using caste-based strategies to secure votes, perpetuating caste divisions.
- Legal Measures: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act provides legal protection against caste-based violence.
- Reservation Policies: The Indian government implements reservations in education and employment to uplift marginalized communities.
Model Answer
Introduction
The caste system, a social structure that has historically segregated individuals based on birth and occupation, continues to impact modern-day India. Despite legal measures and reforms, its influence remains pervasive, contributing to social, economic, and political disparities.
Continued Significance of the Caste System
Recent Reforms and Movements
Despite these challenges, significant legal reforms and social movements have made strides in combating caste discrimination. Laws like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act offer protection against caste-based violence, and educational initiatives aim to improve access to opportunities for marginalized groups. The promotion of inter-caste marriages through government schemes has also been encouraged, aiming to bridge social divides.
Conclusion
While substantial progress has been made, the caste system remains a significant issue in contemporary India. Its continued impact on social, economic, and political life necessitates ongoing efforts to challenge caste-based inequalities and foster a more inclusive and just society.