Roadmap for Answer Writing

1. Introduction

   • Briefly define human-wildlife conflict (HWC) and its significance in India.
   • Mention the impact of HWC on both wildlife conservation and human communities.

2. Causes of Growing Human-Wildlife Conflict

   • Habitat Depletion and Fragmentation: Discuss how urbanization and agricultural expansion lead to the loss of wildlife habitats, forcing animals into human settlements.
   • Movement of Livestock and Humans: Explain how economic pressures drive marginalized communities to exploit resources in protected areas, increasing encounters with wildlife.
   • Invasive Alien Species: Describe how non-native species disrupt local ecosystems, leading to competition for resources.
   • Climatic Factors: Highlight the effects of climate change on wildlife behavior and vegetation, contributing to conflict.
   • Increase in Wildlife Populations: Note that successful conservation efforts can lead to overpopulation in certain areas, causing wildlife to encroach on human habitats.
   • Stochastic Events: Mention how natural disasters can displace wildlife, pushing them into populated areas.

3. Key Actions Taken by the Government

   • National Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategy: Outline the framework designed to address the underlying causes of HWC.
   • Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife Guidelines: Discuss the guidelines promoting community participation and early warning systems.
   • Legislative Framework: Mention laws like the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 that protect wildlife and their habitats.
   • State-Level Initiatives: Provide examples of state committees formed to address HWC.
   • Creation of Wildlife Corridors: Explain how corridors facilitate the safe movement of wildlife between habitats.
   • Funding and International Cooperation: Highlight financial support for conservation and international projects aimed at mitigating HWC.

4. Conclusion

   • Summarize the importance of addressing HWC for both conservation and community welfare.
   • Emphasize the need for continued efforts and integrated approaches to foster coexistence.

Relevant Facts

• According to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), over 500 elephants were killed between 2014-2015 and 2018-2019 due to human-elephant conflict, while 2,361 people lost their lives during the same period.
• The introduction of invasive species can reduce food and water availability for wildlife, leading to increased competition with humans.
• Climate change has altered vegetation patterns, affecting the foraging behavior of species like lions and leopards, which can lead to conflicts with humans.
• The National Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategy employs a structured approach focusing on the drivers and pressures contributing to conflict.
• Several states, including Kerala and Madhya Pradesh, have established wildlife corridors to facilitate safe animal movement and reduce human-wildlife encounters.