The menstrual cycle is a recurring monthly process in females that prepares the body for potential pregnancy. Typically lasting around 28 days, it comprises four main phases, each controlled by specific hormones.

1.Menstrual Phase: This phase begins on the first day of menstruation. The lining of the uterus (endometrium) sheds if fertilization has not occurred, leading to menstrual bleeding.

2.Follicular Phase: Following menstruation, the pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles. Each follicle houses an immature egg. Estrogen levels rise as follicles develop, promoting the thickening of the uterine lining.

3.Ovulation: Mid-cycle, a surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) triggers ovulation, where the mature egg is released from the ovary. This typically occurs around day 14 of the cycle and is the most fertile period.

4. Luteal Phase: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. This hormone maintains the uterine lining, preparing it for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels.

The interplay of these hormones—FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone—regulates the menstrual cycle’s phases, ensuring the body is prepared for possible pregnancy each month. If fertilization does not happen, the cycle restarts with menstruation.