Holes in semiconductors are formed when electrons gain enough energy to leave their atomic bonds, creating a vacancy. This process typically occurs when semiconductor materials are thermally excited or doped with specific impurities.

When an electron escapes from its valence band, it leaves behind a “hole,” which can be considered as a positive charge carrier. Holes can move through the lattice structure as neighboring electrons jump into the vacancy, allowing electrical conduction.

In p-type semiconductors, where acceptor impurities are added, the concentration of holes increases, enhancing conductivity. The mobility of holes, along with electrons, is crucial for the functionality of various electronic devices, such as diodes and transistors, as they contribute to the overall charge transport in the material.