The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, marked a significant step in expanding political participation and representation in British India. Here are the key ways in which the Act achieved this:

1. Introduction of Dyarchy
Division of Responsibilities: The Act introduced a system of dyarchy in the provinces, dividing powers between the British-appointed governors and elected Indian ministers. This allowed for Indian representatives to govern certain areas, such as education, health, and agriculture, although key areas like defense and finance remained under British control.

Limited Self-Governance: This dual system enabled a form of self-governance at the provincial level, increasing the role of Indians in the administration and decision-making processes.

2. Expansion of Legislative Councils
Increased Membership: The Act expanded the size of legislative councils both at the central and provincial levels. This included a greater number of elected Indian representatives, thereby enhancing Indian participation in legislative affairs.

Separate Electorates: The Act retained separate electorates for Muslims and provided for some representation of other minorities, recognizing the diverse religious and cultural fabric of Indian society.

3. Franchise Expansion
Broader Voting Rights: Although still limited, the Act expanded the franchise to include a larger segment of the population. It increased the number of eligible voters, allowing more educated Indians and property owners to participate in elections.

Educational and Property Qualifications: While voting rights were still tied to property and education, the criteria were somewhat relaxed compared to earlier restrictions, allowing a broader class of Indians to engage politically.

4. Establishment of Central Legislative Council
Inclusion of Indian Members: The Central Legislative Council was expanded to include more Indian representatives, with one-third of its members being elected Indians. This marked a shift towards greater Indian involvement in national governance.

Legislative Power: Although the council had limited powers, it provided a platform for Indian politicians to debate and influence national policies and legislation.

5. Political Awareness and Mobilization
Encouragement of Political Activism: The reforms stimulated political consciousness among the Indian populace, leading to increased political activism and the formation of various political parties and movements demanding further rights.

Foundation for Future Reforms: The political engagement fostered by the 1919 Act set the stage for future demands for more comprehensive reforms and ultimately independence. It allowed Indian leaders to gain experience in governance and to articulate their demands more effectively.

6. Impact on Communal Representation
Recognition of Minority Rights: By providing separate electorates for Muslims and other communities, the Act acknowledged the need for communal representation. However, this also laid the groundwork for future communal tensions and conflicts over representation.
Conclusion
The Government of India Act of 1919 expanded political participation and representation by introducing dyarchy, increasing the size and membership of legislative councils, and broadening the electoral franchise. While the reforms were limited and did not fully meet Indian aspirations for self-governance, they represented a significant step towards greater political engagement and laid the groundwork for future constitutional developments in India. The Act not only facilitated the involvement of Indians in governance but also heightened political awareness and mobilization, contributing to the growing demand for independence.