Mauryan architecture, particularly its Buddhist and Jain elements, had a profound and lasting influence on subsequent Indian architectural forms. Here’s an assessment of this influence across various dimensions:

1. Buddhist Architecture

Stupas and Viharas

• Stupas: The design of stupas, epitomized by the Great Stupa at Sanchi, established a foundational model for Buddhist architecture. Subsequent stupas, such as those built in the Gupta period and later in Southeast Asia, drew inspiration from Mauryan stupas in their hemispherical forms, circumambulatory paths, and symbolic elements like chhatras.
• Viharas: The rock-cut caves, such as those at Ajanta and Ellora, followed the monastic layouts initiated during the Mauryan era. These structures often included meditation halls and cells for monks, continuing the tradition of communal living and religious practice.

Iconography and Art

• Sculptural Styles: The intricate relief carvings and narrative depictions found on Mauryan stupas influenced later Buddhist sculptures, particularly during the Gupta period. The evolution of Buddhist iconography, including depictions of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and Jataka tales, owes much to the artistic techniques developed during the Mauryan era.

2. Jain Architecture

Temples and Monastic Structures

• Rock-Cut Temples: Jain rock-cut architecture, as seen in sites like the Dilwara Temples, adopted and refined techniques first seen in Mauryan cave complexes. The emphasis on intricate carvings and decorative motifs in Jain temples reflects the influence of earlier rock-cut traditions.
• Stupa-Like Structures: Although Jain architecture differs in form, the use of domical structures and elaborate gateways in Jain temples can be traced back to the stylistic elements established in Mauryan stupas.

3. Architectural Techniques and Innovations

• Monolithic Pillars: The introduction of monolithic pillars during the Mauryan period set a precedent for later Indian architecture. These pillars inspired the use of large stone columns in both Hindu and Jain temples, often featuring elaborate carvings.
• Complex Planning: The urban planning seen in Mauryan cities, with well-defined layouts and public spaces, influenced later architectural endeavors, particularly in the construction of temple towns and monastic complexes.

4. Regional Variations and Adaptations

• Spread Across Asia: Mauryan architectural styles, especially stupas, spread beyond India to other parts of Asia, including Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia. This cross-cultural influence contributed to the evolution of local architectural forms, integrating Buddhist elements with regional styles.
• Local Adaptations: In subsequent periods, local architectural traditions began to incorporate Mauryan influences, resulting in unique adaptations that reflected regional materials, techniques, and cultural contexts.

5. Cultural and Religious Impact

• Integration of Religion and Architecture: The close relationship between religious practices and architectural forms established during the Mauryan era set a precedent for subsequent religious architecture in India. The emphasis on creating spaces for worship and community continues to characterize Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist architecture.
• Symbolism and Aesthetics: The use of symbolic elements, such as stupas representing the cosmos, influenced the way later Indian architecture conveyed spiritual meaning and religious narratives, deeply embedding these principles in the design of temples and monuments.

Conclusion

In summary, Mauryan architecture, particularly its Buddhist and Jain elements, significantly shaped the trajectory of Indian architectural forms. Its innovations in design, technique, and artistic expression laid the groundwork for subsequent developments in architecture, influencing not only religious structures but also urban planning and cultural identity across India and beyond. The legacy of Mauryan architecture continues to be evident in the rich tapestry of Indian architectural heritage, reflecting its enduring impact on the cultural and spiritual landscape