Introduction: Mahatma Gandhi, a profound thinker and leader of India’s independence movement, had a unique and somewhat critical view of the state. His philosophy was rooted in the principles of non-violence (Ahimsa) and self-reliance (Swaraj). Gandhi’s thoughts on the state were intertwined with his broader vision of society and governance, which emphasized minimal state intervention and the empowerment of individuals and communities.

Gandhi’s Critique of the State:

1. State as an Instrument of Violence: Gandhi believed that the state inherently relies on violence and coercion to maintain order and enforce laws. According to him, “the State represents violence in a concentrated and organized form.” He argued that the use of force by the state often perpetuates injustice and suppresses the moral development of individuals. Gandhi’s emphasis on non-violence was in stark contrast to the coercive power of the state.
2. Decentralization and Self-Governance: Gandhi envisioned a society where self-governance (Swaraj) at the local level would render the state almost unnecessary. He advocated for decentralization of power and believed that true freedom could only be achieved when individuals and communities govern themselves. His concept of Gram Swaraj (village republics) was central to this vision, where each village would function autonomously, with minimal interference from a central authority.
3. State as a Necessary Evil: While Gandhi was critical of the state, he also recognized its necessity under certain conditions. He viewed the state as a “necessary evil” in the current stage of human evolution, where not all individuals are morally developed to govern themselves. However, he hoped for a future where moral and spiritual development would make the state redundant, and society could function on the principles of mutual aid and non-violence.

Contemporary Relevance: In recent times, Gandhi’s ideas have found resonance in various movements advocating for decentralization and community-driven development. For example, the Kerala model of development emphasizes decentralized planning and local self-governance, reflecting Gandhi’s vision of empowering communities. Similarly, the Anna Hazare-led movement for the implementation of the Lokpal Bill can be seen as a push for accountability and a reduction in centralized state power, echoing Gandhi’s concerns about the state’s coercive nature.

Conclusion: Mahatma Gandhi’s views on the state were shaped by his commitment to non-violence, self-reliance, and moral governance. While he acknowledged the state’s role in society, he envisioned a future where self-governing communities would diminish the need for a coercive state apparatus. His ideas continue to influence contemporary debates on governance, decentralization, and the role of the state in ensuring justice and equity.